opponent’s.
3. Use two forms of logical reasoning: induction and deduction.

Induction（归纳）: the process of
reasoning from the particular details
to the general conclusion. It involves

The major premise and the minor
premise must be set up to follow the
correct logical order; The correct logical order is as follows: A=B wheels. C=A ∴C=B wheels. Honda is an automobile. Therefore, Honda has All automobiles have


you need to prove in your argument.
e.g. If the issue is about nuclear power plant
construction, you may take the three-step
form of reasoning like this: Major premise: Only safe sources of energy should be developed. Minor premise: Nuclear power plants are

you need to give reasons to support your thesis;

the reasons must be convincing evidence which is normally from

examples facts authoritative or expert opinions statistical findings

Deduction（演绎）: the process of
reasoning from the general to the specific. It begins with a
generalization and is applied in a
specific case. The conclusion is drawn
i.e., the issue must be arguable;

The argument cannot be
general belief; personal preference ;



or fact

Two sides are generally involved:
proponents ( those in favor of the issue) and

Be fully aware of your audience or reader;
As the purpose of an argumentative
essay is to convince the reader of
your position, you should address
your reader by writing objectively,
follows:
Major Premise: Dogs bark.
Minor Premise: Little Brown is a dog.
Conclusion: Therefore, Little Brown barks.
To be more specific,

the major premise is a generalization
be a motorcycle or a wagon.)

The terms in one premise must be used the same way in the other premise.
Look at the following examples:
Some vegetarians eat eggs.
(2)
The developmental part
Confirmation (2-3 paragraphs) and refutation (1-3 paragraphs )are required in developing the main part of the essay. To confirm your personal point of view,
that you and your reader can both
agree on, whether it is a generally
accepted statement or whether you
have already proved it earlier in the
argument.

The minor premise is the part that
keep in mind the following points:

The argumentative essay should introduce
and explain the issue or case;

The essay should offer adequate reasons
and support the reasons with good evidence;
examining particular details such as
specific cases, facts, or examples. The conclusion is made based on the evidence coming from the specific details.

The essay should refute opposing
arguments.
This is a very particular characteristic which
distinguishes argumentative essays from expository essays. You must not only present your own point of view and prove it, but also refute your opponent’s view and prove that yours is more valid or superior.
To avoid being illogical in this reasoning process, you need to keep the following points in mind:

The major premise and the minor premise
must be true if the conclusion is to be valid;

to attack an opinion you believe
to be misguiding, untrue, or evil
Ⅱ. Basic features

The argumentative essay must take a
controversial issue for an open debate,
logically, and respectfully.

Try to identify and understand your opponent’s point of view You cannot just present your own opinion in argumentation. This can never convince the reader. You have to consider the point of view of your
opponents ( those against the issue);

The thesis must take a side of an issue, and
frequently proposes a course of action;

The argumentative essay are highly
safe sources of energy.
Conclusion: Therefore, nuclear power plants should be constructed. （Notice: Some complex issues require more than one premise to be proved.)
John is a vegetarian.
∴ John eats eggs.
All Americans speak English.
Mary is a South American.
∴ Mary speaБайду номын сангаасs English.
Ⅳ. Planning an argumentative essay
When you plan an argumentative essay,
The Argumentative Essay
Ⅰ. Main communicative purposes of the argumentative essay: To convince or persuade

to agree with an opinion;
to defend an opinion;
based on a generalization.