2009年语法知识--英语知识体系简介十大词类：noun, pronoun, adjective, adverb, numeral, verb, article, preposition, conjunction, Interjection九种句子成分主语（subject）: 是句子所要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体。
(n., pron.,to do, doing and that-clause)谓语（predicate）: 说明主语所发出的动作或从的状态。
(verbs)表语（predicative）: 放在连系动词之后，表示主语的身分、状态或特征。
(n., pron., adj., adverbs for places, prepositional phrases, to do doing, done and that-clause.)宾语（object）: 在及物动词或介词之后。
(n, pron, to do, doing and that-clause.)定语（attribute）: 限定或修饰名词或代词。
adj., adverbs for places, pron, n., prepositional phrases, to do, doing, done and that-clauses.状语(adverbial) : 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。
adv., prepositional phrases, to do, doing done and that-clauses.宾语补足语（object complement）: 说明宾语的性质、状态、特征或宾语发出的动作。
（adj., n, adverbs for places, to do, doing and done）同位语: 补充说明前面的某个名词或代词。
（n. or that-clauses）e.g. My father, a doctor, is very kind.主语补足语: 是对一句话的主语进行补充说明。
eg: 1.Jessica, the best student of our class, won the game.2.Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. 3. He died young.练习一：分析下列句子的成分1.The farmers don’t stay long in the same places.2.We are having a wonderful time.3.It’s dangerous to swim in the river.4.I watched all the glasses that were on the table fall off onto the floor.5.I’m going to move to another city next month.6.Thank you for writing to me.7.It was lovely to hear from you.8.Have you anything to say about this question?9.It’s getting dark.短语、句子、从句短语：具有一定意义的一组词，可作为句子的一个成分。
英语中有下列几种短语：1. 不定式短语e.g. He likes to watch TV while having lunch.2. –ing 短语e.g. I saw many people standing by the lake.3. 过去分词短语e.g. Given more time ,I would do it better.4. 介词短语e.g. With his help, I have finished writing the poem.5. 名词短语e.g. dark blue sky / a true story/ the most wonderful moment从句(clause): 含有主谓结构的一组词，在句子中作一个成分，一般由连接词、关系代词或关系副词引导。
e.g. If you want to say something, say it clearly.名词性从句：主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句形容词性从句：定语从句副词性从句：状语从句句子：sentence含有主谓结构的一组词，有比较完整的意义。
句子的类型从句子结构本身来看，句子可分为：简单句：只有一个主谓结构的句子。
e.g. This kind of computer could be made in China even in the seventies.并列句：由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。
e.g. I asked Dick for some help, but he couldn’t do it , either.复合句：含有一个主句和一个或更多的从句。
e.g. They were deeply moved by what they saw and heard there.练习二：判断下面哪一个是句子1.The first thing we should do is to solve the problem at once.2.His returning to our country.s of villages and small towns.4.Take care of yourself when you are away from home.5.To discover the secret of the nature.6.In this restaurant the food is good , but the service is poor.7.The thought of her own plan8.Bought a ticket from the conductor.9.Inventions such as eyeglasses and the sewing machine have had an important effecton our lives?练习三：说出下列句子的类型1.Let him have a rest.2.The boy is clever yet he is not diligent.3.Either you are right or I am .4.My classmates and I study and play together.5.He once lived and worked there.6.No one can reply whether it will rain tomorrow.7.It seemed that they had lost something.8.The lessons he taught were important.9.Don’t miss the chance, or you will regret it.10.I began to go to school at the age of six.句子的种类从说话人的目的来看，句子可分为：陈述句：陈述一项事实。
疑问句：提出问题。
祈使句：表示请求、建议和命令。
感叹句：表示强烈的情感。
e.g. What a lovely day! How stupid you are!练习四：说出下列句子的种类1.Be quiet. Let’s begin our meeting.2.I enjoy the quietness of the country.3.What a wonderful birthday I am having!4.Do these chocolates belong to us?5.How disappointed Jenny was!6.Something must be done to stop pollution.7.Miss Lin went to Hong Kong for a holiday.8.Take an umbrella along; it’s likely to rain.9.Inventions such as eyeglasses and the sewing machine have had an important effect onour lives.英语中的六种基本句型词类和句子成分是不同的概念。
同一个词类可以在句中充当不同的成分，同一个句子成分也可以由不同的词类来担任。
基本句型一：主＋系＋表基本句型二：主＋谓基本句型三：主＋谓＋宾基本句型四：主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾基本句型五：主+谓+宾+宾补基本句型六：There be + 主语+ 状语英语基本句型-1 主系表句型此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。
这类动词叫做连系动词。
1. You are right.2. The playground is now in front of the school.3. It was 7:15 on the morning of February 8, 2000.4. Opinions are divided on the question.5. 60% of the students are against the idea of entrance fees.主系表结构:本结构是由主语+系动词+表语组成，主要用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。
系动词有:1.表示特征和存在状态的be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound;2.表示状态延续的remain, stay, keep, continue, stand;3.表示状态变化的become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow;Our English teacher is thirty years old.The cake tastes delicious.We feel used to living in big cities.The potatoes went bad in the fields.Their boss seems satisfied with the work.Deep water stays still.主系表句型的几个特例：1. As in China, the weather is different from area to area.2. We are greatly surprised to meet him there.3. It is not a good idea to spend your vacation with strangers.4. It is kind of you to say so.5. It is not easy for them to go there by bike.6. Is it Tom who is playing the piano?7. It is a fact that they can’t pass the exam.英语基本句型-2 主谓结构特点：句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。