英文原文名Power grid intelligent prevention 中文译名电网安全智能防护英文原文版出处：Electric & energy system T-Franc ISSN 0740-624X 2007（24）译文成绩：指导教师（导师组长）签名：译文：在大型电力系统中，严重的局部故障可以导致电力系统的不稳定现象，如发电机组的不同步(失步)、电力供需不平衡、电力频率和电压等指标偏离额定范围等。

这些现象的发展可能造成事故的扩大乃至全电网的崩溃，大范围的供电中断，造成严重的经济损失。

在这种情况下，需要及时采取有效的紧急控制措施以避免电力系统的崩溃瓦解。

解列是一种有效地避免电力系统异步运行甚至崩溃的控制措施，其基本的思想是通过主动地切断一些合理选择的输电线将整个电力网分解为若干个互相之间异步的电力孤岛，使全系统工作在一个“准正常”的状态，即各孤岛内部发电机组同步运行。

电力供需平衡，满足其他必要的安全约束条件（相对于事故前正常运行的电力系统，某些约束条件和指标可相应放宽），这样，在其他紧急控制措施的配合下，各孤岛内的子电力系统仍能保持供电，从而避免电力系统崩溃而造成的巨大的经济损失。

而在系统故障排除之后，通过恢复控制手段重新同步各个电力孤岛，可以恢复电网的完整性和全系统正常运行。

因此，在某种意义上说，解列控制是在灾变事故发生的情况下保障电力系统安全运行的最后防线。

本发明针对有可能造成电网异步甚至电网崩溃的事故，针对大规模电网，首次基于有序二元决策OBDD技术提出了合理的解列策略的方法，为灾变事故下避免电力系统的崩溃提供了一种方法。

对历史上所发生的一些知名的大型电力网崩溃事故(例如1965年美国东北部电力中断、1977年纽约电力崩溃、1996年美国西部电力系统崩溃、1999年巴西电力中断事故等)的研究表明：由于未能及时并正确地选择解列策略，即选择合理的解列点，以至于整个电力系统的崩溃，造成大区域的供电中断，造成了数以几十亿美元的经济损失。

这就使得解列策略的问题成为国内外电力界一个重大的研究课题。

目前，国内外对电力系统解列及相关领域的研究，主要集中在以下几个方面：（1）通过合理的紧急控制措施以避免系统被动的瓦解，保证电网的完整性；（2）检测和预测发电机组失步及电网被动分解的发生；（3）在事先确定的有限个解列点的情况下，研究系统的自动解列判据，如研究解列开始时刻、开始频率对解列效果及电力系统安全性的影响等，以及对继电保护装置、自动解列控制装置动作性质的研究；（4）对解列(主动或被动)后电力系统各电力孤岛内子系统的动态分析及稳定化控制。

电力系统的扩张和电力调度工作越来越重要。

目前区域调度自动化拥有高水平、SCADA(监控和DataAcquisition监控和数据采集)系统可以提供电力正常和事故条件下大量的遥测信息，包括信息测量设备、开关跳闸信息和自动保护装置操作的信息等，实现了电网实时网络监控，对电网的安全与稳定起着非常重要的作用。

然而，大量的电网故障错误消息涌入智能电网系统，系统的错误信息使得操作人员确定故障和诊断更加困难。

尤其是在电网严重故障或情况复杂时，将会有大量的失败报警信息，故障信息调度中心的调度程序不知所措，不仅错过了最佳时间处理事故，还可能由于误判扩大事故，造成停电。

在这种情况下，如何才能使调度运行人员把事故及时和准确处理，需要理解实际情况迅速确定故障位置、故障的性质和严重程度，确定停电区域，科学分析故障原因和及时采取措施缩小范围，以避免发生事故扩大，减少故障损失是放在各级调度部门面前的重要问题。

目前，一般区域电网事故是通过电话、现场查看来分析报告的。

智能电网在事故发生后，变电站值班人员，可以直接确定保护动作开关跳闸情况和装置设备故障，也可以查看人工视图。

地质调查局值班服务员根据变电站或下属报告结果，结合调度SCADA系统遥测变化信息、事件信息和其他信息，处理事故。

在处理事件时，还根据事故后的电网运行方式和电网拓扑结构事件处理程序等，手动设计可行的恢复计划，并通过远程控制或电话发出通知事件处理方式和切换操作。

可见，这种人工的方法分析处理事件，在电网安全与稳定，防止大面积停电是智能系统提供的信息与手动设计的恢复计划相互作用的。

电网的不断发展，调度部门管辖的电力线路数量大，增加设备多，设备操作和环境条件更复杂，给调度部门的正确判断和处理事件带来了新的困难。

而面对用户的电能质量日益增长的需求和供应的可靠性，当事故发生时，电网运行人员不仅要正确地判断和处理事故，而且还要提高响应速度。

现有的SCADA系统可以提供停电信息，但由于各种原因，事故自动信息特别是相关事故和保护总信号的信号允许或客观存在的情况下，日常工作调度程序和监控的电站也比比以前增加了许多，依赖变电站事故报告的来确认责任，不仅降低了调度程序的效率，还使自动化在系统中没有发挥应有的作用，导致大量的事件不能发现和处理。

此外，大量的信息积聚到一个事故，决策的基础和信息需求多，但是没有有效的和合理的方法，分散在各种数据，自动化系统将难以使用。

电力智能系统如果提供错误预防和处理程序，将影响事故在短的时间内处理完成。

这时电网值班调度员主要依靠他们自己的经验来分析和判断，提供解决事故方案。

所以，当电力智能系统无法正确分析确定事故，只能依靠值班调度员的正确判断。

此外，现有的调度系统不包含事故预测和历史故障检索，不利于一个事故发生之前的情况和处理查询，是不利于学习和体验的。

这种实时高度电网输电和分销网络，在电网事故中，要求调度员快速、准确地分析和确定故障，迅速隔离故障设备，恢复安全与稳定运行。

随着网络的发展和管理设备的增加和更复杂的调度运行方式，现有电力网络系统中并没有提供处理信息、故障诊断、错误预防和恢复程序，智能电网系统不能提供正确信息使调度员在事故发生后的做出决策。

可以看出，现今为止对灾变事故下紧急控制的研究，主要集中在采取事先避免措施、预测引起解列必要性的事故、对分解后孤岛系统的稳定化措施等，而直接对解列策略的实时搜索的研究几乎是处于空白的状况。

这种现状是首先是由于，大型电网的解列策略的搜索问题是一个非常复杂的问题，我们在理论上已经证明这是一个难题，随着电网规模的增大，备选策略空间将发生指数性爆炸。

如对IEEE标准的118个节点186条线路的电力网，其备选策略数可达到2186≈9.8×1055(近似等于1048亿个策略)。

其次，合理有效的解列策略必须在很短的时间内(几秒钟甚至1秒钟之内)给出，否则将无法有效地挽救电力系统的崩溃以避免其被动瓦解的发生。

而对于如此巨大的策略空间，现今电力工程界所流行的方法都不可能实现实时的搜索，更不可能在几秒甚至1秒钟之内在线给出解列策略。

目前，由于技术水平的局限，以及通过对实际电网拓扑结构的简化处理，在实际电力系统安全性控制中，通常是离地线在电网的某些关键线路中(例如：在各地区电网的交界处)选择若干解列点，而在需要紧急解列的情况下通过简单的判断，直接切断该地方的输电线，以达到解列电网的目的。

但这种做法缺点是把十分复杂的电网解列问题在处理上过于简单化，因此有效性不能保证。

有鉴于此，尽管多年来对电力系统在灾变事故下的解列问题已经做了多方面研究，但是仍然不能避免电力系统崩溃事故的不断发生。

正是在这样的背景下，基于主动解列的理念，研究更加有效的搜索方法，直接面对大规模电力网的复杂解列问题，实时地提供合理的解列策略，为大电力系统在严重灾变事故下避免崩溃提供了一种可能的方法。

英文原文：In large power system, faults can cause severe local power system instability, such as generating sets are not synchronized (out of step), power supply and demand imbalance, power frequency and voltage deviation from the nominal range of other indicators such. The development of these phenomena may cause expansion of the accident and the whole power grid collapse, that a wide range of power interruption, causing serious economic losses. In this case, you need to take timely and effective emergency control measures to avoid the collapse of the power system collapse. Splitting is an effective way to avoid the collapse of the power system to run asynchronously even control measures, the basic idea is to take the initiative to cut through some reasonable choice of the entire power grid transmission lines into several asynchronous power between each island, so that the entire system operates in a "quasi-normal" state, i.e. synchronous generators within each island operation, the power supply and demand balance, to meet other necessary safety constraints (relative to normal operation before the accident of the power system, some of the constraints and the corresponding indicators relaxation). Thus, in line with other emergency control measures, each island within the sub-power system can maintain power, thus avoiding the collapse of the power system caused huge economic losses. After troubleshooting in the system by means of resynchronization recovery control various power island and restore the integrity of the grid and system uptime. Thus, in a sense, splitting control in the case of catastrophic accidents protect the safe operation of the power system of the last line of defense. The present invention is likely to cause the collapse of the power grid accident asynchronous even for large-scale power grid for the first time based on ordered binary decision diagram OBDD technology presents online search and reasonable new method of splitting strategies for catastrophic accidents, prevent the collapse of the power system provides a method.History that occurred on some well-known large-scale power grid collapse accident (eg 1965 U.S. Northeast power outage, 1977 New York Power Crash, 1996 U.S. Western Power system crashes, 1999 Brazilian electricity outages, etc.) studies have shown that: Since failed to timely and correctly select the splitting strategy, that a reasonable choice of splitting points, as well as lead to the collapse of the entire power system, resulting in a large area of the power supply is interrupted, resulting in hundreds of billions of dollars in economic losses. This makes real-time search strategy splitting issue has become a major domestic and international power sector research. Currently, the splitting of the power system at home and abroad and the related areas of research, mainly in the following aspects: 1. Emergency control through reasonable measures toavoid the collapse of the passive system, to ensure the integrity of the grid; 2. Detection and prediction generation unit-step and grid passive decomposition occurs; 3 in the pre-determined point in a finite number of solutions out case studies system of automatic splitting criterion, such as research splitting start time, start frequency splitting effect and power systems the impact of security, as well as protection devices, automatic splitting properties of the control device movement; 4. pair splitting (active or passive) after the electricity power system dynamic analysis subsystems within the island and stability control.With the expansion of the power system, dispatching work increasingly important. Currently regional dispatching automation possess a high level, SCADA (Supervisory Control And DataAcquisition supervisory control and data acquisition) systems can provide power under normal and accident conditions a lot of telemetry information, including information on the measurement device, switch jump together gate information and protection and automatic device operation information, etc., to achieve real-time network monitoring, security and stability of the grid plays a very important role. However, a large number of grid failure fault message also to the influx of information to identify the operating personnel and troubleshooting more difficult. In particular, a serious fault in the power grid or complex case of failure, there will be a lot of alarm information, fault information into the dispatch center, the dispatcher overwhelmed, not only missed the best time to deal with the accident, and may be due to misjudgment leaving expansion of the accident, causing blackouts. In this case, how can dispatch duty personnel and protection operation managers timely and accurate understanding of the real situation of failure to quickly determine the fault location, nature and severity of the failure to determine the blackout zone, scientific analysis of fault causes, and failure to take timely measures to narrow the scope of the right to avoid the accident and reduce failure loss, is placed in front of all levels of dispatching department major issue.At present, the regional power grid analysis of accident reports generally or by telephone, on-site viewing and SCADA data combination. That after the accident, the substation or subordinate scheduled to report on duty phone case and protective action switch tripping and tripping device to device failure condition at the artificial view. Geological Survey attendant on duty under the substation or subordinate reporting results, combined with Scheduling SCADA system telemetry change information and events information, and other available information, combined with the experience of incident handling faults conclusions drawn. When dealing with incidents, but also according to the grid operation mode after the accident and the grid topology and incident handling procedures, etc., manual design feasible recovery programs, and through remote control or telephone issued a circular manner incident handling switchingoperation. Visible, this artificial way of analyzing and dealing with incidents, and grid security and stability and to prevent large area blackout requirements are incompatible.With the continuous development of a large grid, scheduling department jurisdiction greatly increased the number of devices, equipment, operating and environmental conditions in which the more complex scheduling department to correctly judge and deal with incidents brought new difficulties; while the face of the user of power quality and supply reliability of growing demand, scheduling department when the accident occurred, not only to correctly judge and deal with the accident, but also to try to improve the response speed.Existing SCADA system can provide the plant stops operating information, but due to various reasons, the accident automated information especially related accidents and protect the total signal signal allowed the case or objective existence, and the daily work of dispatchers and monitoring The plant station also increased a lot than before, so the confirmation of the accident mainly relies substation reporting duty, so not only reduces the efficiency of the dispatcher and did not play its due role in the automation system, resulting in a number of incidents can not be a time to discover and processing. In addition, large amounts of information into an accident, but the basis for decision-making and information needs, but there is no effective and reasonable together, dispersed in a variety of accounting data, automation systems and books, give the dispatcher find difficult to use.In the reference scenario provides error prevention and treatment program auditing, incident handling is often completed in a relatively short period of time, mainly rely on their own experience dispatcher on duty to analyze and judge, no one can provide a reference solution for the correctness of security incident handling program can only rely on the audit between the dispatcher on duty.In addition, the existing scheduling system does not contain accident anticipation and historical fault retrieval, is not conducive to a convenient accident occurred on the previous situation and deal with queries, the dispatcher is not conducive to learning and experience.This real-time highly grid electricity transmission and distribution networks. In the event of an accident the grid, requiring dispatchers to quickly and accurately analyze and determine fault, quickly isolate faulty equipment, restoring security and stability operation. With the development of network and manage devices increases, more complex dispatching operation mode, from the existing system does not provide information integration, fault diagnosis, error prevention and recovery programs available, recall the accident and other areas to provide strong all dispatchers faceted decision support.It can be seen today on the catastrophic accident until the next emergency control studies,mainly in advance to avoid taking measures to anticipate the need for an accident caused by splitting, the decomposed island system stabilization measures, and direct strategy for splitting real-time search of the situation is almost a blank. This situation is primarily because of large power grid splitting strategy search problem is a very complex issue, we have proved in theory this is an NP-hard, as the grid size increases, the alternative strategy space will occur exponential explosion. Such as the IEEE standard 118 nodes 186 grid lines, and its number of alternative strategies to reach 2186 ≈9.8 ×1055 (approximately equal to 104.8 billion strategy).Second, reasonable and effective strategy must be splitting in a very short period of time (a few seconds or even 1 second) is given, otherwise it will not be able to effectively save the collapse of the power system in order to avoid the occurrence of passive collapse. For such a huge search space strategy, power engineering are now popular search methods can not achieve real-time search, let alone in a few seconds or even 1 second column gives solutions online strategy. Currently, due to technical limitations of the level, and by the actual network topology simplification process, so in a real power system security controls, usually off in some key lines in the grid (for example: in the regional power grid junction) select several splitting point, and in need of emergency cases, by splitting the simple judgment, directly off of the local transmission lines, in order to achieve the purpose of splitting the grid. This approach to dealing with very complex issues on the oversimplification, it almost does not always effective. For this reason, despite years of catastrophic accident at the power system under the splitting problem has done several studies of the multifaceted, but still can not avoid the collapse of the power system accidents continue to occur. It is in this context, the present invention is based on the idea of splitting initiative adopted a new search method to directly face the complexity of large-scale power grid splitting problem, real-time strategy series to provide a reasonable solution for the bulk power system in serious catastrophic accidents, prevent crashes provides a possible approach.。