语言学导论作业答案第一次作业答案Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?D：MeaningfulnessIf a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ______.C：descriptiveThe distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.错误Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.正确Modern linguistics regards the written language as _____.C：secondaryA diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.错误Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.错误Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _____ and meanings.B：soundsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.B：True_____ is the study of meaning in language.D:SemanticsThe branch of linguistic study called _____ is concerned with how speakers use the sentences of a language to achieve effective and successful communication.B:pragmaticsWhen language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas, it serves a _____ function.D:phaticBy _____, we mean language can refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.C:displacementLanguage serves the ________ function when it is used to express the speaker's feeling or attitude or to arouse a certain feeling or attitude in the hearer.C:emotiveForeign language learners' errors may be caused by ________.D:all the above threeWhich one of the following statements does not account for the primacy of speech over writing in linguistic analysis? _______B:Speech is more complex than writing.A ______ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added.C:stem_____ studies the changes in language and language use with respect to social factors.A:Sociolinguistics_____ are produced when the nasal passage is opened by lowering the soft palate ant the back of the throat and the air is allowed to pass through it.C:NasalsOf the following sounds, ______ is a rounded vowel.B: [u:]Which of the following statements is FALSE:A : Language is just for communication.There are ______ morphemes in the word "policemen".B:threeThe syllabic structure of the word "children" is ______.A:CVCCVC第二次作业答案Some languages are inferior, or superior, to other languages.正确答案：错误For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious instruction on the part of adults.正确答案：正确Observations of children in different language areas of the world reveal that the developmental stages are similar, possibly universal, whatever the nature of the input.正确答案：正确Language use varies from one speech community to another, from one regional group to another, from one social group to another, and even from one individual to another.正确答案：正确A person’s social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features.正确答案：错误Two speakers of the same language or dialect use their language or dialect in the same way.正确答案：错误The standard language is a better language than nonstandard languages.正确答案：错误Pidgins are linguistically inferior to standard languages.正确答案：错误Bilingualism and diglossia mean the same thing.正确答案：错误The kind of name or term speakers use to call or refer to someone may indicate something of their social relationship to or personal feelings about that individual.正确答案：正确Derivation refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots, stems, or words.正确答案：正确Hyponymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.正确答案：错误“Smog” is a word formed by the word-forming process called acronymy.正确答案：错误Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.正确答案：错误Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.正确答案：错误What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.正确答案：正确The Cooperative Principle is advanced by Paul Grice.正确答案：正确The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by Halliday.正确答案：错误Componential analysis is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.正确答案：正确“alive” and “dead” are complementary antonyms.正确答案：正确第三次作业答案1 Morphemes that may constitute words by themselves are ______. Free morphemes or Content morphemes2 Words which consist more than one free morphemes are called _____. transparent words3 Morphemes that can not occur alone are called _________. bound morphemes4 A ____ is the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total loss of identity Root5 ______ affixes do not change the word class of the word they attach to. Inflectional6 An ______ is the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. Affix7 A ____ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added. Stem8 The word "brunch" is formed by way of _____ from "breakfast" and "lunch". Clipping9 ______ is a branch of linguistics which studies teh internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Morphology10 _______ is the study of teh formation of sentences in a language. Syntax11 The _______ relation is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and the others absent. Paradigmatic 12 "Poor John" and "ran away" are the _____ constituents of the sentence "Poor John ran away". Immediate13 The phrase "on the shelf" is an ______ construction. pp （prepositional phrase）14 Michael A. K. Halliday has developed the ______ grammar. TG15 The transformational-generative grammar was proposed by the American linguist Noam ______. Chomsky in 195716 "WTO" is an ______ made up from teh first letters of the name of the organization "World Trade Organization". Acronyms17 ____ is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content. Word第四次作业答案The statement "His car is yellow" entails the statement "He has a car". 正确答案：错误All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language. 正确答案：正确In first language acquisition, imitation plays ___. A：a minor role B：a significant role C：a basic role D：no role 正确答案：A_____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists. A：Words B：Morphemes C：Phonemes D：Sentences 正确答案：BBound morphemes are those that ____. A：have to be used independently B：can not be combined with other morphemes C：can stand as words on their own D：have to be combined with other morphemes 正确答案：DThe meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _____. A：lexical B：morphemic C：grammatical D：semantic 正确答案：CA ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position. A：back B：central C：front D：middle 正确答案：CSense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. 正确答案：错误The sound /f/ is ____. A：voiced palatal affricate B：voiced alveolar stop C：voiceless velar fricative D：voiceless labiodental fricative 正确答案：DSince /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be _____. A：in phonemic contrast B：in complementary distribution C：the allophones D：minimal pair 正确答案：A The assimilati on rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ______. A：identical B：same C：exactly alike D：similar 正确答案：D____ is a voiced alveolar stop. A：/z/ B：/d/ C：/k/ D：/b/ 正确答案：BThe sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds. A：voiceless B：voiced C：vowel D：consonantal 正确答案：AAccording to Grice’s theory, a conversational implicature arises when the cooperative principle and its maxims are _______. A:strictly observed B:secretly and deliberately violated C:blatantly or apparently violated D:Both A and B 正确答案：CTeaching culture in our language classes can _______. A:get the students familiar with cultural differences B:help the students transcend their own culture and see things as the members of the target culture will C:emphasize the inseparability of understanding language and understanding culture through various classroom practices D:All of the above. 正确答案：DWhich of the following statements about machine translation is likely to be wrong? _______. A: Machine translation has always been a chief concern in computational linguistics. B:There are areas where machine translation surpasses human translations. C:Sooner orlater, machine translation will replace human translation completely. D:In some areas, human translations surpasses machine translation. 正确答案：CWhich of the following qualities is not the requirement of a good test? _______. A:Objectivity B:Reliability C:Validity D:Both A and C 正确答案：AMany Chinese English learners may, at the beginning stage, produce “mans” and “photoes” as the plural forms of “man” and “photo”. This is most likely the result of _______ in the process of foreign language learning. A:Negative transfer B:Overgeneralization C:Positive transfer D:mother tongue interference 正确答案：BThe relation between the two words “buy” and “sell” can be described as____. A: gradable antonymy B:converse antonymy C:complementary antonymy D:synonymy 正确答案：B_______are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words. A:Roots B:Stems C:Affixes D:Compounds 正确答案：CThe syllabic structure of the word “achieved” is ______. A:VCCVCC B:VCVCC C:VCVVCVCD:VCCVCVC正确答案：BThe Cooperative Principle that language users are believed to follow was initially proposed by_________. A:Grice B: Austin C:Chomsky D:Saussure 正确答案：ALanguage serves the _______ function when it is used to talk about languageitself. A:recreational B:metalingual C:phatic D:performativ e 正确答案：B。