(2) Paradigmatic relations



It exists between words not only define the word meaning but also function as the main criteria underlying the semantic classification of words For example Common concept → as criterion to classify words into semantic field Semantic relation (of similarity, contrast and inclusion) → lexical items into synonyms, antonym and hyponyms.
prose
novel
fiction
drama
poetry
novelette
short story
Hyponymy
sports
swimming weight-lifting ball games wrestling running long-distance race sprinting athletics running race gymnastics boxing


The semantic field of the same concept may not have the same members in different languages, thus lexical gaps(词汇空缺) occur. The semantic field of kinship


(2) Hyponymy

The definition of hyponymy

Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. It refers to the relationship which obtains between the genus (general lexical item) and the species (specific lexical items).


The general lexical item is called the superordinate / upper term (上义词). The specific words are known as hyponyms / lower term (下义词).
Hyponymy
literature
2.The superordinate & the hyponym

(1) genus VS species
Genus: a class of things made up of two or more subordinate classes or species. For example, flower (genus): rose, tulip…(species).
The semantic field theory

Most languages share same semantic fields. Time Space Age Kinship Food Color Emotion ………
The semantic field theory
The semantic field theory
emotion
joy hate fear grief love
Implications of semantic field for vocabulary learning
character/ virtue
easy-going, aggressive, arrogant, self-conceited, modest, considerate, sympathetic, extrovert, introvert, amicable, Ambitious, honest, loyal, obedient, strong-willed, Iron-willed, trustworthy, obstinate, stubborn, unyielding, confident
hurdle race relay
The semantic field theory(语义场理论)


பைடு நூலகம்
The vocabulary of a language is not simply a listing of independent items, but is organized into areas or fields, the members of which are joined together by some common semantic component. The whole vocabulary can be divided up into fields. Words in each field are semantically related and define one another. Vocabulary is seen as ‘ an integrated system of lexemes interrelated in sense’. ------Jost Trier (a German linguist)


Members in English: 13----father, mother, son, daughter, brother, sister, uncle, aunt, nephew, niece, cousin, husband, wife. Members in Chinese: ……….
1.Semantic classification of words

(1) Definition: It means that vocabulary units are classified on the basis of various meaning relation between words on the paradigmatic axis.