专四模拟试题附参考答案（3）4TEXT CFor millions of years before the appearance of the electric light， shift work，all-night cable TV and the Internet，Earth’s creatures evolved on a planet with predictable and reassuring 24－hour rhythms. Our biological clocks are set for this daily cycle.Simply put，our bodies want to sleep at night and be awake during the day. Most women and men need between eight and eight and a half hours of sleep a night to function properly throughout their lives.(Contrary to popular belief，humans don’t need less sleep as they age.)But on average，Americans sleep only about seven and a half hours per night，a marked drop from the nine hours day averaged in 1910.what’s worse，nearly one third of all Americans get less than six hours of sleep on a typical work night. For most people， that’s not nearly enough.Finding ways to get more and better sleep can be a challenge. Scientists have identified more than 80different sleep disorders. Some sleeping disorders are generic. But many problems are caused by staying up late and sleeping in， by traveling frequently between time zones or by working nights. Dr. James. F. Jones at National Jewish Medical and Research Center in Denver says that sleep disorders are often diagnosed at other discomforts. About one third of the patients referred to him with possible chronic fatigue syndrome actually have treatable sleep disorders. “Before we do anything else， we look at their sleep，” Jones says.Sleep experts say that most people would benefit from a good look at their sleep patterns，“My motto (座右铭) is ‘sleep defensively’，” says Mary Carskadon of Brown University. She says people need to carve out sufficient time to sleep， even if it means giving up other things. Sleep routines－like going to bed and getting up at the same time every day－are important. Pre－bedtime activities also make a difference. As with Elsneer， who used tosuffer from sleeplessness， a few lifestyle change－avoiding stimulants and late meals， exercising hours before bedtime， relaxing with a hot bath—yield bettersleep.90.What is TRUE of human sleep？A. Most people need less sleep when grow older.B. Most people need seven and a half hours of sleep every night.C. On average， people in the U. S. today sleep less per night than they used to.D. For most people， less than six hours of sleep on a typical work night is enough.91.For our bodies to function properly， we should .A. sleep for at least eight hours per nightB. believe that we need less sleep as we ageC. adjust our activities to the new inventionsD. be able to predict the rhythms of our biological clocks92.According to the author， many sleeping disorders are caused by .A. other diseasesB. pre－bedtime exercisesC. improper sleep patternsD. Chronic fatigue syndrome93.Which of the following measures can help you sleep better？A. Staying up late.B. Taking a hot bath.C. Having late meals.D. Traveling between time zones.94.“Sleep defensively” means that .A. people should go to a doctor and have their problems diagnosedB. people should exercise immediately before going to bed every nightC. people should sacrifice other things to get enough sleep if necessary.D. People should give up going to bed and going up at the same every day.TEXT DThe word laser was coined as an acronym for Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Ordinary light， from the Sun or a light bulb， is emitted spontaneously， when atoms or molecules get rid of excess energy by themselves， without any outside intervention. Stimulated emission is different because it occurs when an atom or molecule holding onto excess energy has been stimulated to emit it as light.Albert Einstein was the first to suggest the existence of stimulated emission in a paper published in 1917. However，for many years physicists thought that atoms and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously and that stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker. It was not until after the Second World War that physicists began trying to make stimulated emission dominate. They sought ways by which one atom or molecule could stimulate many others to emit light， amplifying it to much higher powers.The first to succeed was Charles H. Townes， then at Columbia University in New York. Instead of working with light， however， he worked with microwaves， which have a much longer wavelength， and built a device he called a“maser”， for Microwave Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Although he thought of the key idea in 1951， the first maser was not completed until a couple of years later. Before long， many other physicists were building masers and trying to discover how to produce stimulated mission at even shorter wavelengths.The key concepts emerged about 1957. Townes and Arthur Schawlow， then at Bell Telephone Laboratories， wrote a long paper outlining the conditions needed to amplify stimulated emission of visible light waves. At about the same time， similar ideas crystallized in the mind of Gordon Gould， then a 37-year-old graduate student at Columbia， who wrote them down in a series of notebooks. Townes and Schawlow published their ideas in a scientific journal， Physical Review Letters， but Gould filed a patent application. Some decades later， people still argue about who deserves the credit for the concept of the laser.95.Which of the following statements best describes a laser？A.A device for stimulating atoms and molecules to emit light.B.An atom in a high-energy state.C.A technique for destroying atoms or molecules.D.An instrument for measuring light waves.96.Why was Townes' early work with stimulated emission done with microwaves？A.He was not concerned with light amplification.B.It was easier to work with longer wavelengths.C.His partner Schawlow had already begun work on the laser.D.The laser had already been developed.97.In his research at Columbia University， Charles Townes worked with all of the following EXCEPT .A.stimulated emissionB.microwavesC.light amplificationD.a maser98.In approximately what year was the first maser built？A.1917.B.1951.C.1953.D.1957.99.Why do people still argue about who deserves the credit for the concept of the laser？A. The researchers' notebooks were lost.B. Several people were developing the idea at the same time.C .No one claimed credit for the development until recently.D. The work is still incomplete.100.According to the passage，Townes，Arthur Schawlow，and Gordon Gould didn't .A. come up with similar ideas about laserB. write their ideas downC. work at Columbia UniversityD. do their share for the study of the laserTEXT EYou may not have thought of it just this way, but theletter you write is part of you, and expression of your personality. Therefore to write letters that are mere patterns of form is to present a colorless personality.Letters, by their very nature, are too individual to be standardized. A letter may be absolutely perfect according to the standards of good taste and good form; but unless it also expresses something of the writer's personality, it is not a good letter.In other words, don't be satisfied to write letters that are just correct and nothing more. Try to write lettersthat are correct for you... letters that are warm and alive with reflections of your own personality.And if this sounds like a platitude (陈词滥调), stop for a moment and think back over your recent correspondence. What was the most interesting letter you received? Was it a letter anyone could have written? Or was it a letter that instantly “came alive” as you read it—that brought the personality of the sender right into the room with you. as though you were face to face, listening instead of reading?The fault with too many letters, today as in the past—the reason so many letters are dull and lifeless, and oftenfail to accomplish the purpose for which they are writtenis simply this: They sound exactly like the letters everyone else writes. They are neither exciting to receive nor stimulating to read.98. What does the author mean by saying “the letter you write is part of you”?A. Writing letters plays an important part in your life.B. When you write letters, you should be careful about what to write.C. People can see your personality from the letters you write.D. You should write good letters.99. What does the author want to explain in the fourth paragraph?A. A good letter presents one's personality.B. His opinion is a platitude.C. Letter-writing is interesting.D. Talking face to face is a better way to communicate than writing letters.100. The best title for the passage is___________.A. Letter WritingB. Personality in Letter WritingC. To Write Interesting LettersD. To Write Correct Letters专四模拟试题附参考答案（2）4An important new industry， oil refining， grew after the Civil War. Crude oil， or petroleum a dark， thick ooze from the earth had been known for hundreds of years， but little use had ever been made of it. In the 1850’s Samuel M. Kier， a manufacturer in western Pennsylvania， began collecting the oil from local scapages and refining it into kerosene. Refining， like smelting， is a process of removing impurities from a raw material.Kerosene was used to light lamps. It was a cheap substitute for whale oil， which was becoming harder to get. Soon there was a large demand for kerosene. People began to search for new supplies of petroleum.The first oil well was drilled by E. L. Drake， are tired railroad conductor. In 1859 he began drilling inTitusville， Pennsylvania. The whole venture seemed so impractical and foolish that onlookers called it “Drake’sFolly”. But when he had drilled down about 70 feet(21 meters)， Drake struck oil. His well began to yield 20 barrels of crude oil a day.News of Drake’s success brought oil prospectors to the scene. By the early 1860’s these wildcatters were drilling for “black gold” all over western Pennsylvania. The boom rivaled the California gold rush of 1848 in its excitement and Wild West atmosphere. And it brought far more wealth to the prospectors than any gold rush.Crude oil could be refined into many products. For some years kerosene continued to be the principal one. It was sold in grocery stores and door－to－door. In the 1880’s and 1890’s refiners learned how to make other petroleum products such as waxes and lubricating oils. Petroleum was not then used to make gasoline or heatingoil.90.What is the best title for the passage？A. Oil Refining： A Historical PerspectiveB. The California Gold Rush： Get Rich QuicklyC. Private Property： Trespassers Will Be ProsecutedD. Kerosene Lamps： A Light in the Tunnel91.It can be inferred form the passage that kerosene was preferable to whale oil because whale oil was too .A. expensiveB. thickC. hotD. polluted92.According to the passage， many people initially thought that E. L. Drake had made a mistake by .A. going on a whaling expeditionB. moving to PennsylvaniaC. searching for oilD. retiring from his job93.Why does the author mention the California gold rush？A. To explain the need for an increased supply of goldB. To indicate the extent of United States mineral wealthC. To describe the mood when oil was first discoveredD. To argue that gold was more valuable than oil94. Which of the following words could best replace the word “one” (Underlined)？A. Oil.B. Door.C. Store.D. Product.DArchaeology has long been an accepted tool for studying prehistoric cultures. Relatively recently the sametechniques have been systematically applied to studies of the more immediate past. This has been called “historical archaeology，” a term that is used in the United States to refer to any archaeological investigation into North American sites that postdate the arrival of Europeans. Back in the 1930's and 1940's， when building restoration was popular， historical archaeology was primarily a tool of architectural reconstruction. The role of archaeologists was to find the foundations of historic buildings and then take a back seat to architects.The mania for reconstruction had largely subsided by the 1950's and 1960's. Most people entering historical archaeology during this period came out of university anthropology departments， where they had studied prehistoric cultures. They were， by training， social scientists， not historians， and their work tended to reflect this bias. The questions they framed and the techniques they used were designed to help them understand， as scientists， how people behaved. But because they were treading on historical ground for which there was often extensive written documentation， and because their own knowledge of these periods was usuallylimited， their contributions to American history remained circumscribed. Their reports， highly technical and sometimes poorly written， went unread.More recently， professional archaeologists have taken over. These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their work can be a valuable tool not only of science but also of history， providing fresh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented. This newer emphasis on archaeology as social history has shown great promise， and indeed work done in this area has lead to areinterpretation of the United States past.In Kingston， New York， for example， evidence has been uncovered that indicates that English goods were being smuggled into that city at a time when the Dutch supposedly controlled trading in the area. And in Sacramento an excavation at the site of a fashionable nineteenth-century hotel revealed that garbage had been stashed in thebuilding's basement despite sanitation laws to the contrary.95.What does the passage mainly discuss？A.Why historical archaeology was first developed.B.How the methods and purpose of historical archaeology have changed.C.The contributions architects make to historical archaeology.D.The attitude of professional archaeologists toward historical archaeology.96.What was popular in the 1930's and 1940's？A.Studying prehistoric cultures.B.Archaeological investigation.C.Building restoration.D.Historical archaeology.97.According to the first paragraph， what is a relatively new focus in archaeology？A.Investigating the recent past.B.Studying prehistoric cultures.C.Excavating ancient sites in what is now the United States.paring findings made in North America and in Europe.98.According to the passage， when had historical archaeologists been trained as anthropologists？A.Prior to the 1930's.B.During the 1930's and 1940's.C.During the 1950's and 1960's.D.After the 1960's.99.In the third paragraph， the author implies that the techniques of history and social science are .A.quite different from each otherB.equally useful in studying prehistoric culturesually taught to students of archaeologyD.both based on similar principles100.The author mentions an excavation at the site of ahotel in Sacramento in order to give an example of .A.a building reconstruction projectB.the work of the earliest historical archaeologistsC.a finding that conflicts with written recordsD.the kind of information that historians routinely examine COMPOSITION [35 MIN.]Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a composition of 200 words on the following topic：What Would You Like to Do after Graduation？You are to write in three parts.In the first part state what you think is the best way.In the second part， support your view with one or two reasons.In the last part， bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or summary.Marks will be awarded for content， organization， grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.专四模拟试题附参考答案（1）4TEXT C“White hostility toward African Americans, and the resulting discrimination, have been fueled by a sense of threat. During slavery, many working-class whites, encouraged by slaveholders, feared the release of large numbers of blacks into the labor market and society in general. When northern industries used African Americans as strikebreakers in the first decades of this century, white workers feared the loss of their jobs. Today, many white Americans fear “black violence”. Moreover, specific fearsabout the “costs” of welfare as well as the "taking" of jobs through affirmative action have added to the fear of black violence.These fears have translated into negative stereotypes of African Americans as a people who are prone to crime and violence, unwilling to work, and a drain on the white taxpayer through their welfare dependency. In turn, these stereotypes have been used to justify informal discrimination, to prevent the help to the urban poor, to be negligent in enforcing laws or policies prohibiting discriminatory practices against black workers, and most important, to hesitate in making a serious effort at job creation for African Americans. The result is that African Americans’ share of valued resources has not increased much over the last two decades, even as formal discrimination has been greatly lessened. This fact is used to further the negative belief that African Americans have "not taken advantage of their equal opportunities."90. According to the passage, how did the northern industries make use of African Americans in 1900s?A. Sent them to ask the strikers to go back to work.B. Made them work very hard.C. Employed them to threaten the white strikers.D. Released them into the labor market.91. What is the ill influence of these negative stereotypes?A. Giving help to the poor black.B. Justifying informal discrimination.C. Enforcing laws prohibiting discriminatory practices against black workers.D. Creating opportunities of employment for the black.92. What can be inferred from "a drain on the whitetaxpayer" about the African Americans?A. They are unwilling to work.B. They never pay tax.C. They lack security.D. Their welfare depends on the white's tax.93. The author wrote the passage to tell us__________.A. African Americans pose a threat to the whites in employmentB. African Americans are dependent on the tax paid by the whitesC. African Americans are discriminated against because they are often on strikeD. the sense of threat intensifies the white's hospitalityand discrimination against the African AmericansTEXT D“People thought of themselves as having rights from companies,” said Hoshua Freeman, a labor historian at Columbia University. That sense of entitlement grew even stronger in the early decades after World War II and collective bargaining became the arena for arguing out wages, pensions, health insurance, vacations, hours and job security.That system is disappearing today. Career-long attachments to one employer, a notion born in the 1920's, are no longer the .norm. The new class-consciousness makes less distinction between workers and managers. Rights are relative, at best. An increasingly conservative electorate has reduced government's role in regulating the economy. Unions have lost influence and membership.What people do is try to cope, by themselves, said Ms. Skelly, of DYG. Self-employment is one solution, DYG'spolls show, and that is a rising trend. "They try, on the job, to hide any weakness in their performance," she said. “They work longer hours and take work home, withoutletting the boss know, to give the impression that they can do difficult tasks quickly. There is nothing like, ‘we are all in this together.’ There is too much competition. People talk of their weakness to friends and spouses, but not to coworkers.”And many Americans feel in their hearts that the unemployment might be justified. “There is a sense among people that we are inefficient and bloated,” Ms. Skelly said. “And until they feel that is no longer true, they are reluctant to criticize the forces that are cutting out the fat and the inefficiencies.”94. It can be inferred from the second paragraph that___________.A. people do not enjoy their rights nowadaysB. people are more likely to change their jobs than theywere in the 1920'sC. workers and managers share the same rights todayD. nowadays, people refuse to take part in the Union95. According to Ms Skelly, which of the following is true?A. People like to work overtime.B. People want to work at home.C. People want to impress the boss with their capability and efficiency.D. People need help from their families, for they cannot cope with difficult problems themselves.96. People hide their weakness from___________.A. their parentsB. their wives or husbandsC. their friendsD. their colleagues97. The main idea of the passage is___________.A. people thought of themselves as having rights from companiesB. people's sense of entitlement is not as strong as it used to beC. people work at homeD. people regard unemployment as usual。