Organs of speechUpper/lower teethUpper/lower lipAlveolar ridgeSoft palateHard palateMouth cavityPharynx cavityNasal cavityVocal cordsPronunciation: The Vowels of EnglishFront vowelsThere are four front vowels: /i:/, /i/, /e/ and /æ /. For all of them the tip of the tongue is pressed against the lower teeth. The front part of the tongue is raised at varying degrees. There is no lip-rounding; lips are spread or kept neutral./i:/ The front of the tongue nearly touches the front part of the hard palate, and the muscles of the tongue and cheeks are tense. The lips are drawn back in a “smile” and a long voiced sound is produced. Cheese. Freeze!credit fair-weather friend/i/ The general position of the tongue resembles that of /i:/, but the front of the tongue is lower and drawn back a little. The lips are loosely spread and thetongue is lax. Jesus. Oops, Original sin/e/ The lips are more loosely spread and slightly further apart than for /i/. The front of the tongue is near the upper teeth ridge.I miss you. Impressive. Six sex sat forget it. Forget-me-not./ æ / The front of the tongue is slightly raised. The whole tongue lies low in the mouth. The lips are spread with the widest opening between the jaws among the front vowels.Central vowelsThere are three central vowels: /Λ/, /∂:/ and /∂/. For all of them the tip of the tongue touches the base of the lower teeth or the teeth ridge. The tongue is flat in the mouth. The lips are spread or neutral with no lip-rounding./Λ/ The centre of the tongue is raised with the tongue resting in a relaxed fashion in the bottom of the mouth. The lips are spread in the shape of a rectangular.Damn it!!Goddamn it! Jesus. Sweetheart. Dumpalien quotesmy gosh. Ouch. (Wh)oops! I did it again!/∂:/ The centre of the tongue is raised with considerable tongue tension. The opening between the jaws is narrow./∂/ This is somewhat like /∂:/ but shorter and more relaxed.Microwave oven macro- maximum minimumBack vowelsThere are five back vowels: /a:/, /ɔ/, /ɔ:/, /u/ and /u:/. For all of them the lip of the tongue is withdrawn towards the soft palate. Lip-rounding plays an important part in producing all the back vowels except for /a:/./u:/ The back of the tongue is raised the highest. This sound is the most tense and most lip-rounded of the back vowels./u/ This sound is produced with the tongue in a relaxed position. The lips are loosely rounded.Long distance cannot separate bosom friend./ɔ:/ This sound has a low, mid-back tongue position; the lips are tense and protruded.Bizarre, weird,/ɔ/ This sound is made with wide open jaws and slight open lip-rounding, the back of the tongue is kept very low and far back.Could have done/a:/ The tongue is held very low. The mouth is opened wide with no lip-rounding. The sound is like the exclamation “Ah!”Bachelor extracurricular activities rooster null sounds strange/odd/weird/queer/bizarre/quaint/eccentric nilAcupuncture inspiring thought-provoking transientmasculine feminineLong distance cannot separate a bosom friend.A bosom friend afar brings a distant land near. 海内存知己,天涯若比邻It is a great pleasure to have friends coming from afar.From Analects of ConfuciusQuarantine isolate segregate confirmed case fatal brainstormThe consonants of EnglishNasal consonantsAll the three nasal consonants /m/, /n/ and /η/ are formed by closing the mouth passage at some point. The soft palate is lowered at the same time, so that the air passes through the nose, making a voiced sound./m/ The mouth is blocked by closing the two lips./n/ The mouth is blocked by pressing the lip of the tongue against the upper teeth ridge./η/ The mouth is blocked by the back of the tongue pressed against the soft palate.Lateral consonant (舌边音)/l/ This sound is so called because it is formed laterally (that is, at the sides of the tongue). Place the tip of the tongue on the upper teeth ridge, and let the voiced breath come over the relaxed sides of the tongue.In English there are two types of /l/ sound: the clear /l/ and the dark /l/. They differ from each other in the position of the rest of the tongue. When /l/ occurs before a vowel, the front of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate; when it occurs before a consonant or in a final position, the front of the tongue is slightly hollowed, and the back is raised towards the soft palate. The former is called “clear I”, and the latter, “dark I”.Glides (滑音)/j/ and /w/ are called glides because each of these consists of a quick and smooth glide towards a following vowel sound. They are also called semi-vowels./j/ The front of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate and the breath is forced out with voice./w/ The lips are rounded and pushed forward, and then blow out with a voiced sound.DiphthongsA diphthong is a glide from one vowel to another. It is pronounced as one syllable. The loudness becomes less as the glide goes on, so the second element of the diphthong is only lightly sounded.The diphthongs of English are in three groups: those which end in /i/, those which end in /u/, and those which end in /∂/./ei/ A glide from /e/ in the direction of /i/. The lips are spread.The rain in Spain stays mainly on the plain. Every grain is from hard toil.T ell it as it is/ai/ A glide from a position near that for /a:/ in the direction of /i/./oi/ A glide from /o:/ in the direction of /i/.Divided byDisgustingThe consonants of English alumni; take oath; on behalf of; vandalism contact lens; blurry; witness; expel; snitch; crock of shit; intact; I have been around!! Execute; Integrity path cradle of leadershipFriction consonants (摩擦音)There are ten friction consonants in English. For all of them the lungs push air through a narrow opening where it causes friction of various kinds. /f, θ, s, ⎰, h/ are voiceless consonants while /v, ð, z, 3, r/ are voiced consonants. Awesome/f/ and /v/ Press the lower lip against the upper teeth allowing the air to force its way between them. Tulip carnation Y ou don’t how much it means to me. Acting is everything to me. I am trapped. Jerk. Forget it./θ/ and /ð/ Put the tip of the tongue between the upper and lower teeth allowing the air to pass between the tip of the tongue and the upper teeth./s/ and /z/ Raise the tip of the tongue toward the upper teeth ridge (齿槽) with the air coming out of the narrow passage between them.Enthusiasm passion enthusiastic passional passionate zealous zigzagzip code resume maze labyrinth GRE (graduate record exam) asshole Greg FockerNon-mainstream/⎰/ and /3/ Push out the lips; raise the tip of the tongue toward the front part of the hard palate (硬颚) forming a narrow channel./h/ Open the mouth and sigh in a relaxed manner, without voice.Fragrance perfume scent aroma/r/ Put the tip of the tongue near, but not touching, the back part of the upper teeth ridges; the main body of the tongue is kept low and the front is held concave (凹的) allowing air to escape.Belly button reap huge fruits=get many benefitsMy journey is long and winding; I will keep on exploring far and wide.Stop consonants (爆破音)Stop consonants are made by stopping the breath completely at some point in the mouth, by the lips or tongue-tip or tongue-back. And then the air rushes out with a slight explosion. There are three pairs of stops: /p, t, k/ are voiceless and /b, d, g/ voiced. The differences in the position of the organs of speech for these stops are shown in the following figures.Sip champagne on a yacht peas and carrots pee doomsday/p/ and /b/ The stop is made by two lips.Champaign state banquet save the dying and cure the woundedBe caught red-handed./t/ and /d/ The stop is made by holding the tip of the tongue against the teeth ridge./k/ and /g/ The stop is made by holding the back of the tongue against the soft palate (软颚).Affricate consonants (破擦音)An affricate consonant is a stop in which the articulating organs are separated more slowly than in the case of normal plosives. There is no noticeable explosion, but on the release of the stop a fricative consonant is heard. Among the three pairs of affricates /t⎰, d3/, /tr, dr/ and /ts, dz/, / t⎰, ts/are voiceless./t⎰/ and /d3/ The stop is made by the front part of the tongue against the teeth ridge and then the air is slowly released, and it escapes over the surface of the tongue./ts/ and /dz/ Place the main part of the tongue as for /s/ and bring the tip to touch the teeth ridge; air is forced from the lungs and then the tongue is removed not too quickly from the teeth ridge./tr/ and /dr/ Place the main part of the tongue as for /r/ and bring the tip to touch the back part of the teeth ridge; air is forced from the lungs and then thetongue is removed not too quickly from the teeth ridge.前元音[i:] [i] [e] [æ] 的发音1. [i:]的发音要领：舌尖抵下齿；口微开，双唇向两边伸开，呈扁平形；舌前部尽量向硬腭抬起；气流从口腔泄出，身带振动。