微生物学英语词汇微生物学microbiology病毒学virology噬菌体学bacteriophagology细菌学bacteriology鉴定细菌学determinative bacteriology系统细菌学systematic bacteriology真菌学mycology原生生物学protistology原生动物学protozoology普通微生物学general microbilogy微生物分类学microbial taxonomy微生物生理学microbial physiology微生物生物化学microbial biochemistry微生物遗传学microbial genetics微生物生态学microbial ecology古微生物学paleomicrobiology土壤微生物学soil microbiology水生微生物学aquatic microbiology海洋微生物学marine microbiology悉生生物学gnotobiology医学微生物学medical microbiology兽医微生物学veterinary microbiology农业微生物学agricultural microbiology工业微生物学industrial microbiology石油微生物学petroleum microbiology食品微生物学food microbiology乳品微生物学diary microbiology瘤胃微生物学rumen microbiology诊断微生物学diagnostic microbiology病原学etiology国际微生物学会联合会International Union of Microbiological Societies, IUMS 中国微生物学会Chinese Society for Microbiology, CSM世界培养物保藏协会World Federation for Culture Collection, WFCC中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会China Committee for Culture Collection of Microorganisms, CCCCM美国模式培养物保藏所American Type Culture Collection, ATCC 自然发生说，无生源说spontaneous generation, abiogenesis原界urkingdom始祖生物progenote古始生物界archetista古细菌archaebacteria原生生物protista原生动物protozoan原生植物protophyte真核生物eukaryote原核生物prokaryote裂殖植物schizophyte微生物microorganism数值分类法numerical taxonomy模式目type order模式科type family模式属type genus模式种type species模式株type strain真菌fungi捕食真菌predacious fungi虫道真菌ambrosia fungi地下真菌hypogeal fungi虫生真菌entomogenous fungi菌根真菌mycorrhizal fungi木腐菌wood-decay fungi霉菌mold, mould半知菌imperfect fungi子囊菌ascomycetes粘菌slime mold, slime mould壶菌chytrid卵菌oomycetes接合菌zygomycetes担子菌basidiomycetes核菌pyrenomycetes盘菌cup fungi块菌truffles锈菌rust fungi蘑菇mushrooms毒蘑菇poisonous mushroom酵母菌yeast无孢子酵母菌asporogenous yeasts 有孢子酵母菌sporogenous yeasts 黑粉菌smut fungi双态性真菌dimorphic fungi毛外癣菌ectothrix毛内癣菌endothrix完全真菌perfect fungi黑粉病smut disease锈病rust disease菌丝hypha菌髓trama假菌丝体pseudomycelium气生菌丝体aerial mycelium基内菌丝体substrate mycelium球拍状菌丝体racquet mycelium结节状菌丝nodular mycelium梳状菌丝pectinafe mycelium螺旋菌丝spiral mycelium匍匐菌丝stolon次生菌丝体secondary mycelium有隔菌丝septate hypha无隔菌丝nonseptate hypha生殖菌丝体reproductive mycelium 营养菌丝体vegetative mycelium不育菌丝体sterile mycelium菌丝体mycelium黄癣菌丝favic chandelier mycelium 产囊丝ascogenous hypha产囊体ascogonium原植体thallus粘菌体aethalium合胞体syncytium虫菌体hyphal body盾状体clypeus子实体fruiting body产孢体gleba子实层体hymenophore子实层hymenium子实下层subhymenium菌丝层subiculum菌丝段hyphal fragment菌丝束coremium菌丝索funiculus菌核sclerotium器菌核pycnosclerotium菌环annulus菌裙indusium 菌盖pileus顶体apicle藏卵器oogonium雄器antheridium[锈菌]性孢子器pycnium锈子器aecium精子器spermogonium囊状体cystidium粉孢子梗oidiophore小梗sterigma接合孢子柄zygosporophore孢囊柄sporangiophore配囊柄suspensor孢子梗sporophore分生孢子梗conidiophore雄器柄androphore帚状枝penicillus瓶梗phialide梗基metulae芽孔germ pore芽管germ tube芽缝germ slit孢丝capillitium周丝periphysis类周丝periphysoid侧丝paraphysis拟侧丝pseudoparaphysis类侧丝paraphysoid[孢子]外壁exosporium外生菌根ectomycorrhiza内生菌根endomycorrhiza内外生菌根ectendomycorrhiza泡囊丛枝菌根vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza刺突spike弹丝elater刚毛seta微体microbody泡囊vesicle隔膜septum假隔膜pseudoseptum分生孢子盘acervulus分生孢子座sporodochium精子团spermatium囊基膜hypothallus囊层基hypothecium囊层被epithecium囊间丝hamathecium囊托apophysis囊领collarette囊轴columella孔口ostiole菌托volva孢子角cirrus孢子球spore ball孢子印spore print聚簇cluster[菌丝]融合anastomosis [孢子]切落abjunction[孢子]缢断abstriction多态[现象] polymorphism缢缩[作用] constriction粉孢子oidium孢子spore掷孢子ballistospore厚壁孢子chlamydospore 环痕孢子annellospore节孢子arthrospore卷旋孢子helicospore腊肠形孢子allantospore孔出孢子porospore星形孢子staurospore线形孢子scolecospore砖格孢子dictyospore侧生孢子aleuriospore芽生孢子blastospore瓶梗孢子phialospore无梗孢子thallospore分生孢子conidium大分生孢子macroconidium 小分生孢子microconidium 节分生孢子arthroconidium 芽分生孢子blastoconidium 器孢子pycnidiospore无隔孢子amerospore双胞孢子didymospore多隔孢子phragmospore休眠孢子hypnospore 顶生孢子acrospore顶生厚壁孢子fuseau内分生孢子endoconidium担孢子basidiospore双孢担孢子dispore同形孢子isospore柄生孢子stylospore[锈菌]性孢子pycniospore产雄器孢子androspore锈孢子aeciospore夏孢子urediniospore, aeciospore 冬孢子teliospore四分孢子tetraspore粘孢子myxospore多核孢子coenospore孢囊孢子sporangiospore子囊孢子ascospore多核细胞coenocyte分生孢子果conidiocarp分生孢子器pycnidium孢[子]囊sporangium柱孢子囊merosporangium四分孢子囊tetrasporangium原孢子囊prosporangium多核孢子囊coenosporangium休眠孢子囊hypnosporangium子囊ascus接合孢子zygospore拟接合孢子azygospore原囊壁子囊prototunicate ascus 单囊壁子囊unitunicate ascus双囊壁子囊bitunicate ascus子囊果ascocarp子囊壳perithecium闭囊壳cleistothecium闭囊果cleistocarp盘状子囊果discocarp孢囊果sporangiocarp[接]合子zygote单性合子azygote多核合子coenozygote异形合子heterozygote合子核zygotonucleus游动合子planozygote担子basidium半担子hemibasidium隔担子heterobasidium无隔担子holobasidium有隔担子phragmobasidium 内生担子endobasidium原担子protobasidium上担子epibasidium下担子hypobasidium同担子homobasidium担子果basidiocarp担子体basidiophore配子gamete原配子progamete雄配子androgamete雄核发育androgenesis同形配子isogamete异形配子heterogamete游动配子zoogamete多核配子coenogamete配子囊gametangium配子母细胞gametocyte同形配子囊isogametangium 原配子囊progametangium 小孢子囊sporangiole微包囊microcyst足细胞foot cell脚胞foot cell固着器holdfast附着枝hyphopodium吸盘sucker锁状细胞clamp cell锁状联合clamp connection 偶核细胞zeugite卵球oosphere卵质ooplasm孢原质sporoplasm卵配子oogamete卵孢子oospore球状胞sphaerocyst子囊腔locule子囊盘apothecium子囊座ascostroma缝裂壳hysterothecium 下子座hypostroma包被peridium子座stroma壳心centrum拟包被pseudoperidium无融合生殖apomixis同宗配合homothallism准性生殖parasexuality异宗配合heterothallism同配生殖isogamy异配生殖heterogamy无配生殖apogamy配囊交配gametangial copulation交配型mating type全型holomorph夏孢子期uredostage冬孢子堆teleutosorus, telium夏孢子堆uredinium子囊孢子形成ascosporulation孢子形成sporulation细菌bacteria薄壁[细]菌类gracilicutes硬壁[细]菌类fermicutes疵壁[细]菌类mendosicutes无壁[细]菌类tenericutes柔膜细菌mollicutes真细菌eubacteria暗细菌scotobacteria无氧光细菌anoxyphotobacteria生氧光细菌oxyphotobacteria放线菌actinomycetes螺[旋]菌spirilla粘细菌slime bacteria鞘细菌sheathed bacteria柄细菌caulobacteria弧菌vibrio根瘤细菌root nodule bacteria硫酸盐还原菌sulfate reducting bacteria 硫细菌sulfur bacteria铁细菌iron bacteria紫色无硫细菌purple nonsulfur bacteria 产甲烷菌methanogen硝化细菌nitrobacteria反硝化细菌denitrifying bacteria固氮细菌nitrogen fixing bacteria甲基营养菌methylotrophic bacteria产乙酸菌acetogen同型[产]乙酸细菌homoacetogenic bacteria光合作用细菌photosynthetic bacteria产氢产乙酸细菌hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria同型发酵乳酸菌homofermentative lactic bacteria异型发酵乳酸菌heterofermentative lactic bacteria产氢菌hydrogenogens产气菌aerogen不产气菌anaerogen发光细菌luminous bacteria产色细菌chromogenic bacteria化能异养菌chemoheterotrophic bacteria 化能自养菌chemoautotrophic bacteria光能异养菌photoheterotrophic bacteria 光能自养菌photoautotrophic bacteria化能有机营养菌chemoorganotrophic bacteria化能无机营养菌chemolithotrophic bacteria光能有机营养菌photoorganotrophic bacteria光能无机营养菌photolithotrophic bacteria 有机营养菌organotrophic bacteria无机营养菌lithotrophic bacteria贫[营]养细菌oligotrophic bacteria一氧化碳营养菌carboxydotrophic bacteria自养菌autotrophic bacteria异养菌heterotrophic bacteria光养菌phototrophic bacteria需氧菌aerobe微需氧菌microaerobe耐氧菌aerotorelant bacteria厌氧菌anaerobe兼性厌氧菌facultative anaerobe专性厌氧菌obligate anaerobe溶原性细菌lysogenic bacteria腐生菌saprophytic bacteria 苛求菌fastidious microorganism极端细菌extreme bacteria嗜压菌barophilic bacteria嗜盐菌halophilic bacteria嗜铁菌siderophilic bacteria嗜高渗细菌osmophilic bacteria微嗜氮菌oligonitrophilic bacteria嗜冷[细]菌psychrophilic bacteria嗜酸菌acidophilic bacteria嗜硫菌thiophilic bacteria中温菌mesophilic bacteria耐热细菌thermophilric bacteria氢营养菌hydrogenotrophic bacteria 肠道细菌intestinal bacteria类菌体bacteroid细菌小体bacteriosome微生子gonidium蓝细菌cyanobacteria[蓝细菌]连锁体hormogonium类囊体thylakoid藻胆蛋白体phycobilisome静息孢子akinete滑行gliding异形[囊]胞heterocyst化学型chemotype化学变型chemovar血清型serotype血清变型serovar致病型pathotype致病变型pathovar生物型biotype生物变型biovar形态型morphotype形态变型morphovar革兰氏阳性菌Gram-positive bacteria 革兰氏阴性菌Gram-negative bacteria 球菌coccus双球菌diplococcus四联球菌tetrads八叠球菌sarcina球杆菌coccobacillus杆菌rod双杆菌diplobacillus棒状菌corynebacteria[细菌]毛状体trichome单鞭毛菌monotricha周[鞭]毛菌peritricha丛[鞭]毛菌lophotricha两端单[鞭]毛菌amphitrichate单端丛[鞭]毛菌cephalotricha滑行细菌gliding bacteria细菌L-型L-form of bacterium菌落colony酵母型菌落yeast type colony类酵母型菌落yeast like colony次生菌落secondary colony粗糙型菌落rough colony光滑型菌落smooth colony丝状型菌落filamentous type colony 子菌落daughter colony深层菌落deep colony粘液型菌落mucoid colony巨大菌落giant colony侏儒型菌落dwarf colony菌苔lawn菌胶团zoogloea菌膜pellicle[菌]醭mycoderm, pellicle群游现象swarming菌柄stipe[菌体]附器appendage鞭毛flagellum周质鞭毛periplasmic flagella轴丝axial filament菌毛pilus性丝sex pilus外生孢子exospore内生孢子endospore芽孢spore芽孢形成sporulation终端芽孢terminal spore近端芽孢subterminal spore中生芽孢central spore前芽孢forespore[芽孢]皮层cortex芽孢外膜exitine芽孢内膜intine外壁exine 伴胞晶体parasporal crystal菌蜕ghost鞘sheath荚膜capsule粘液层slime layer微荚膜microcapsule壁膜间隙periplasmic space原生质体protoplast原生质球spheroplast气泡gas vacuole甲烷粒体methanochondria间体mesosome载色体chromatophore鞭毛基体flagellar basal body异染质volutin异染粒matachromatic granules致死颗粒killer particle紫膜purple membrane噬菌体bacteriophage无囊盖类inoperculatae超显微微生物ultramicroscopic organism 真菌噬菌体mycophage噬藻体phycophage烈性噬菌体virulent phage温和噬菌体temperate phage前原噬菌体preprophage原噬菌体prophage隐性前噬菌体cryptic prophage营养期噬菌体vegetative phage载体噬菌体carrier phageλ噬菌体lambda particles phage[可]诱导噬菌体inducible phage同源免疫噬菌体homoimmune phage噬菌体分型bacteriophage typing噬菌体型phagetype噬菌体变型phagevar噬斑plaque[噬菌体]聚合头部polyhead[噬菌体]聚合尾鞘polysheath[噬菌体]伞毛fimbrium[噬菌体]颈须whisker[噬菌体]先导蛋白pilot protein[噬菌体]尾丝抗原fiber antigen[噬菌体]顶体apex[噬菌体]基片插孔base-plate hub[噬菌体]基片丝base-plate fibril[噬菌体]基片楔突base-plate wedge[噬菌体]串联体concatemer[噬菌体]颈部collar[噬菌体]顶部壳粒apical capsomere[噬菌体]尾丝tail fiber[噬菌体]畸形体monster[噬菌体]颈圈connector[噬菌体]髓部core[噬菌体]头部head[噬菌体]尾部tail[噬菌体]尾管tail tube[噬菌体]尾鞘tail sheath类病毒viroid病毒virus真病毒euvirus亚病毒subvirus原病毒provirus拟病毒virusoid卫星病毒satellite virus假型病毒pseudotype virus慢病毒slow virus辅助病毒helper virus过客病毒passenger virus多分体病毒multicomponent virus昆虫痘病毒entomopox virus, EPV颗粒体症病毒granulosis virus, GV多角体病毒polyhedrosis virus核型多角体病毒nuclear polyhedrosis virus, NPV质型多角体病毒cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus,CPV多粒包埋型病毒multiple embedded virus 单粒包埋型病毒singly embedded virus伴随病毒associated virus浓核病毒densovirus,DNV内源病毒endogenous virus潜伏病毒latent virus肠道病毒enterovirus艾柯病毒ECHO virus虫媒病毒arbovirus腺病毒adenovirus腺伴随病毒adeno associated virus 真菌病毒mycovirus肿瘤病毒oncovirus逆[转]录病毒retro virus坏死病毒necrosis virus虹彩病毒irido virus泛嗜性病毒pantropic virus毒株strain原[生小]体elementary body包含体inclusion body顾氏小体Guarnieri's bodies内氏小体Negri's body病毒[粒]体virion裸露病毒[粒]体naked virion假病毒体pseudovirion立体对称cubical symmetry二十面体对称icosahedral symmetry 螺旋对称helical symmetry[病毒]五邻体pentomer,pentons [病毒]六邻体hexonmer,hexons复合对称complex symmetry包膜突起peplomerbody包膜envelope, peplos蛋白质包膜protein envelope[病毒]包膜抗原envelope antigen [病毒]壳体capsid[病毒]壳粒capsomer, capsomere二十面[体]壳体icosahedron capsid 核心core核壳nucleocapsid病毒原质体viroplasma病毒束virus bundle多角体polyhedron多角体蛋白polyhedrin颗粒体granule颗粒体蛋白granulin类核nucleoid内含颗粒inclusion granuleX体X-body[病毒]早期蛋白early protein[病毒]晚期蛋白late protein负链negative strand正链positive strand复制子replicon病毒发生基质virogenic stroma衣原体chlamydia[衣原体]始体initial body立克次氏体rickettsia假肽聚糖pseudopeptidoglycan肽聚糖peptidoglycan磷壁酸teichoic acid胞壁酸muramic acid2,6-吡啶二羧酸dipicolinic acid, DPA脂多糖类lipopolysaccharides多糖包被glycocalyx鞭毛蛋白flagellin菌毛蛋白pilin杀白细胞素leucocidin豆血红蛋白leghaemoglobin藻胆蛋白phycobiliprotein藻青蛋白phycocyanin藻红蛋白phycoerythrin藻青素cyanophycin藻蓝素algocyan, leucocyan藻胆素phycobilin藻红[胆]素phycoerythrobilin藻蓝胆素phycocyanobilin藻青素颗粒cyanophycin granule别藻蓝素allophycocyanin类葫萝卜素carotenoids细菌淀粉粒granulose聚β羟基丁酸盐poly-β-hydroxy butyrate 葡萄球菌A蛋白staphylococcal protein A, SPA纯化蛋白衍生物purified protein derivative, PPD[葡萄球菌]凝固酶staphylocoagulaseβ[细胞]溶素β-lysinα淀粉酶α-amylase通透酶permease胞内酶intracellular enzyme胞外酶extracellular enzyme果胶酶pectinase逆[转]录酶reverse transcriptase凝固酶coagulase受体破坏酶receptor destroying enzyme, RDE透明质酸酶hyaluronidase纤维素酶cellulase 链道酶streptodornase,SD链激酶streptokinase,SK神经氨酸酶neuraminidase青霉素酶penicillinase溶菌酶lysozyme[细菌]紫膜质bacteriorhodopsin菌紫素bacteriopurpurin[细]菌[叶]绿素bacteriochlorophyll自溶素autolysin亲菌素bacteriotropin攻击素aggressin抑殖素ablastin粘附素adhesin菌红素bacterioerythrin灵菌毒素prodigiosus toxin细菌素bacteriocin麻风菌素lepromin葡萄球菌素staphylococcin伞菌氨酸agarfitine苏云金菌素thuricin肠球菌素enterococcin布氏菌素brucellin大肠菌素colicin, colicine丁香假单胞菌素syringacin黄色粘球菌素xanthacin链球菌素streptocin流产菌素abortin绿脓[菌]素pyocyanin红假单胞菌素rhodopseudomonacin 绿脓菌荧光素pyofluorescein白喉毒素diphtheria toxin杯伞素clitocybine白细胞溶素leucolysin表皮溶解毒素epidermolytic toxin产气荚膜梭菌素perfringocin肠毒素enterotoxin毒蝇碱muscarine肺炎球菌毒素pneumotoxin鬼笔[毒]环肽phalloidin根霉蝶呤rhizopterin肺炎[链]球菌溶血素pneumolysin黑粉菌酸ustilagic acid分枝菌酸mycolic acid齿孔酸eburicoic acid根霉促进素rhizopin蘑菇素agaricin蘑菇酸agaricinic acid红斑毒素erythrogenic toxin黄曲霉毒素aflatoxin菌丝酰胺mycelianamide绿脓杆菌溶血素pyocyanolysin 葡萄球菌溶血毒素staphylolysin 真菌毒素mycotoxin曲霉毒素aspertoxin赭曲毒素ochratoxin曲酸kojic acid 破伤风[菌]痉挛毒素tetanospasmin 溶葡萄球菌素lysostaphin破伤风[菌]溶血素tetanolysin溶纤维蛋白溶酶fibrinolysin溶血素hemolysin鼠疫菌素pesticin神经毒素neurotoxin杀[细]菌素bactericidin外毒素exotoxin内毒素endotoxin细菌毒素bacteriotox血凝素hemagglutinin杂色曲霉素A versicolorin A柄曲霉素sterigmatocystin毒植物素phytotoxin真菌醇mykol链球菌溶血素streptolysin剥脱性毒素exfoliative toxin细菌荧光素bacteriofluorescein [放线菌]土臭味素geosmins 土壤杆菌素agrobacteriocin 产甲烷[作用] methanogenesis 生物转化bioconversion生长因子growth factor420 因子factor 420V 因子V factorX 因子X factor辅酶M coenzyme M微量营养micronutrient特需营养要求型idiotroph微[量]动[力]作用oligodynamic action 抗代谢物antimetabolites索状因子cord factor异株克生物质allelopathic substances 光能无机营养photolithotrophy光能有机营养photoorganotrophy化能无机营养chemolithotrophy化能有机营养chemoorganotrophy光营养phototrophy兼性营养amphitrophy腐生营养saprophytic nutrition甲基营养methylotrophy化能营养chemotrophy自养autotrophy光能自养photoautotrophy化能自养chemoautotrophy半自养mesotrophy异养heterotrophy氮平衡nitrogen balance碳平衡carbon balance磷平衡phosphorus balance 同化作用assimilation异化作用dissimilation氨化作用ammonification硝化作用nitrification反硝化作用denitrification固氮作用nitrogen fixation非共生固氮作用asymbiotic nitrogen fixation光同化作用photo-assimilation巴氏效应Pasteur effect葡萄糖效应glucose effect种间分子氢转移interspecies H transfer 发酵fermentation发酵[能]力fermentation capacity可发酵性fermentability同型发酵homofermentation异型发酵heterofermentation厌氧消化anaerobic digestion厌氧呼吸anaerobic respiration厌氧生活anaerobiosis需氧呼吸aerobic respiration需氧生活aerobiosis反馈抑制feed back inhibition内源变量endogenenous variable异养潜能heterotrophic potential溶菌丝作用hypholytic action溶菌作用bacteriolysis费氏[溶菌]现象Pfeiffer's phenomenon 自溶[现象] autolysis裂殖schizogenesis芽殖budding二分分裂binary fission不等分裂unequal fission断裂fragmentation复分裂multiple fission隐蔽期eclipse period比生长速率specific growth rate同步生长synchronous growth双峰生长曲线diauxie growth curve延滞期lag phase一步生长[曲线] one step growth时间-存活曲线time-survival curve倍增时间doubling time指数生长exponential growth衰亡期decline phase稳定期stationary phase对数期log phase时间节律temporal rhythm隐生现象cryptobiosis休眠dormancy衰老型involution form静息细胞resting cell光复活作用photoreactivation交叉复活cross reactivation热[致]死时thermal death time热[致]死点thermal death point原生质体再生protoplast regeneration [噬菌体]接合分裂conjugate division [噬菌体]裂解阻抑lysis inhibition[噬菌体]裂解量burst size[噬菌体]生产性感染productive infection [噬菌体]自愈curing病毒复制replication of virus复制周期replicative cycle裂解周期lytic cycle[病毒]侵入penetration病毒入胞现象viropexis[病毒]脱壳uncoating [病毒]装配assembly蚀斑plaque蚀斑形成单位plaque forming unit,PFU 成斑效率efficiency of plating强毒株virulent strain[狂犬病]固定毒fixed virus[狂犬病]街毒street virus病毒抑制作用viral inhibition病毒诱导virus induction[流感病毒]α抑制物α-inhibitor[流感病毒]朱氏抑制物Chu-inhibitor ,β－inhibitor干扰素interferon干扰[现象] interference溶原化lysogenization溶原性lysogeny溶原现象lysogenesis抗生素antibiotic阿克拉霉素aclacinomycin放线酮actidione, cycloheximide放线菌素actinomycin阿霉素adriamycin氨丁苷菌素ambutyrosin7-氨基头孢菌酸7-aminocephalosporinic acid6-氨基青霉烷酸6-aminopenicillanic acid 两性霉素amphotericin安丝菌素ansamitocin抗蠕霉素anthelmycin抗霉素antimycin阿泊拉霉素apramycin除疟霉素aplasmomycin曲霉菌素aspergillin除虫菌素avermectin杆菌肽bacitracin双环霉素bicyclomycin杀稻瘟素blasticidin博来霉素bleomycin丁苷菌素butirosin, butyrosin杀假丝菌素candicidin卷曲霉素capreomycin, capromycin腐霉素carriomycin洋红霉素carminomycin天青菌素celesticetin头孢菌素cephalosporin氯霉素chloromycetin, chloramphenicol 金霉素chloroteracycline, aureomycin 色霉素chromomycin创新霉素chuangxinmycin棒酸clavulanic acid氯林肯霉素clindamycin粘菌素colistin鬼伞菌素coprinin蛹虫草菌素cordycepin香菇菌素cortinellin环孢菌素cyclosporin环丝氨酸cycloserine松胞菌素cytochalasin胞霉素cytomycin道诺霉素daunomycin越霉素destomycin偏端霉素distamycin红霉素erythromycin抑酯酶素esterastin扁枝衣霉素everninomicin间型霉素formycin健霉素fortimicin磷霉素fosfomycin, phosphonomycin 镰孢菌酸fusarinic acid艮他霉素gentamicin胶霉毒素gliotoxin谷氏菌素gougerotin短杆菌肽gramicidin灰霉素grisein灰黄霉素griseofulvin除莠菌素herbicidin除莠霉素herbimycin全霉素holomycin潮霉素hygromycin岛霉素ilamycin天神霉素istamycin双氢除虫菌素ivermectin交沙霉素josamycin卡那霉素kanamycin春日霉素kasugamycin柱晶白霉素leucomycin林可霉素lincomycin美登素maytenin 酒霉素methymycin光神霉素mithramycin丝裂霉素mitomycin莫能菌素monensin菌霉素mycomycin霉酚酸mycophenolic acid麦迪霉素mydecamycin, midecamycin暗霉素nebramycin新霉素neomycin纺锤菌素netropsin诺卡菌素nocardin新生霉素novobiocin制霉菌素nystatin竹桃霉素oleandomycin蛇孢菌素ophiobollin展青霉素patulin青霉酸penicillic acid青霉素penicillin多氧菌素polyoxin多粘菌素polymyxin灵菌红素prodigiosin制反转录酶素revistin核糖霉素ribostamycin, vistamycin利福霉素rifamycin龟裂杀菌素rimocidin瑞斯托菌素ristocetin蔷薇霉素rosamicin红比霉素rubidomycin相模霉素sagamicin盐霉素salinomycin肉瘤霉素sarkomycin制唾酸酶素siastatin紫苏霉素sisomicin壮观霉素spectinomycin, actinospectacin 螺旋霉素spiramycin链霉素streptomycin链黑菌素streptonigrin链丝菌素streptothricin枯草菌素subtilin杀鱼菌素teleocidin土霉素terramycin, oxytetracycline四环素tetracycline噻烯霉素thienamycin硫藤黄素thiolutin妥布拉霉素tobramycin木霉菌素trichodermin抗滴虫霉素trichomycin衣霉素tunicamycin泰乐菌素tylosin焦曲菌素ustin有效霉素validamycin缬氨霉素valinomycin, aminomycin万古霉素vancomycin疣孢菌素verrucarine优胜霉素victomycin紫霉素viomycin巴龙霉素paromomycin遗传转化genetic transformation供体donor受体recipient转化体transformant感受态competence光滑型smooth type粗糙型rough type无性型anamorph克隆clone有性型teleomorph异源性heterology同源性homology转导transduction局限转导restricted transduction转染transfection溶原性转换lysogenic conversion抗原性漂移antigenic drift抗原性转变antigenic shift高频重组high frequency of recombination, Hfr重组recombination接合[作用] conjugation重组体recombinant互补complementation杂合[现象] heterozygosis重组子recon接合阶段zygophase接合zygosis质粒plasmid粘粒cosmid噬粒phasmid 质粒不相容性plasmid incompatibility相容性compatibility致育因子fertility factor性因子sex factor大肠杆菌素生成因子colicinogenic factor 突变mutation表型phenotype环状染色体ring chromosome基因型genotype原养型prototroph原养菌prototrophic bacteria营养缺陷型auxotroph多重营养缺陷型polyauxotroph诱变mutagenesis诱变剂mutagen诱发变异induced variation突变体mutant渗漏突变体leaky mutant条件突变株conditional mutant条件致死conditional lethal温敏突变株temperature sensitive mutants半透明型突变噬斑cococarde噬斑突变株plaque mutants宿主范围突变株host range mutant扇形突变secter mutationH-O 变异H-O variation弱毒株low virulent strain减毒株attenuated strain凝固酶因子coagulase factor耐药[性决定]因子resistance determining factor耐药性转移因子resistance transfer factor, RTF抗药性drug-resistance抗药因子resistance factor抗药基因drug resistant gene抗药性菌株drug resistant strain基因簇gene cluster复制replication启动子promotor操纵子operon单形现象monomorphism双态现象dimorphism多形现象polymorphism干扰缺损颗粒defective interfering particle 重分配redistribution表型混杂phenotypic mixing基因转移gene transfer原生质体融合protoplast fusion趋合子性zygotaxis向合子性zygotropism兔化毒lapinized virus缺损病毒defective virus[病毒]缺损突变株defective mutant[流感病毒]O-D相变异O-D variation病毒基因virogene[病毒]早期基因early genes[病毒]晚期基因late genes微生物生态系统microbial ecosystem趋化性chemotaxis趋氧性aerotaxis趋光性phototaxis向化性chemotropism向氧性oxytropism向光性phototropism内共生endosymbiosis捕食作用predation拮抗作用antagonism初级合作protocooperation共生symbiosis互利共栖mutualism偏害共栖amensalism偏利共栖commensalism互养共栖syntrophism兢争[共栖] competition寄生parasitism无关共栖neutralism卫星现象satellitism协同共栖synergism异种克生[现象] allelopathy代谢共栖metabiosis共生生物symbiont聚生体consortium伴生种companions致坏死寄生物necroparsite根际微生物rhizospheric microorganism 叶际微生物phyllospheric microorganism 悉生生物gnotobiote腐生现象saprophytism分解者decomposer含菌细胞mycetosome嗜狭高温生物stenothermophiles广温微生物eurythermal microorganism 狭温微生物stenothermal microorganisms 暂居微生物transient microbe原生演替primary succession次生演替secondary succession异养演替heterotrophic succession自养演替autotrophic succession顶极群落climax community菌群flora区系flora微生物区系microflora土著菌群indigenous flora土著区系indigenous flora菌群失调dysbacteriosis水华blooms生物量biomass生物质biomass生物圈biosphere前发酵primary fermentation后发酵secondary fermentation浅盘发酵shallow tray fermentation深层发酵submerged fermentation固态发酵solid state fermentation液态发酵liquid state fermentation主发酵main fermentation连续发酵continuous fermentation半连续[型]发酵semicontinuous fermentation[罐]批发酵batch fermentation敞口发酵open fermentation上面发酵top fermentation下面发酵bottom fermentation上面酵母top yeast下面酵母bottom yeast阿明露法amylo process酿造brewing酿造技术brewing technique陈酿化aging发酵罐fermenter种子罐seeding tank手动气锁manual airlock自动气锁automatic airlock超滤膜ultrafiltration membrane超滤法ultrafiltration消泡剂antifoam agent醋化作用acetification酸化作用acidification糖化作用saccharification糖化剂sacchariferous agents曲Qu(raw starter)大曲Daqu (massive raw stater for alcholic liquor)小曲Xiaoqu(raw starter complex)日本酒曲koji麸曲bran koji液体曲liquid koji起子starter, culture starter酒母seeding yeast活性干酵母active dry yeast单细胞蛋白single cell protein, SCP菌丝球mycelium pellet活性污泥activated sludge醪液mash固定化细胞immobilized cell共固定化作用co-immobilization酸败spoilage平[罐]酸败flat-sour spoilage平罐酸败菌flat sour bacteria需氧量oxygen requirement生物致劣deterioration微生物传感器microbial sensor微生物浸矿microbial leaching微生物杀虫剂microbial pesticide病毒杀虫剂viral pesticide根瘤root nodule菌根mycorrhiza根瘤菌剂nitragin植物杀菌素phytocidin昆虫病原微生物entomopathogen[蜜蜂]幼虫腐臭病foulbrood固氮菌剂azotogen亚麻浸渍flax retting生物防治biological control 沤麻retting青贮饲料silage沼气biogas无菌植物germ-free plant侵染infection侵染性infectivity侵染中心infectious center侵染剂量infective dose, ID病毒尿症viruria病毒血症viremia菌血症bacteremia食物中毒food poisoning真菌中毒mycetism标准血清standard serum混合分型血清pooled typing serum抗血清antiserum抗白喉血清antidiphtheric serum结核菌素反应tuberculin reaction卡介苗BCG vaccine抗毒素antitoxin旧结核菌素old tuberculin, OT结核菌素单位tuberculin unit, TU致热原pyrogen病原体pathogen带[病]毒者carrier带菌者carrier感染infection传染infection原发性感染原primary invader继发性感染原secondary invader机会致病菌opportunistic pathogen条件致病菌conditioned pathogen正常菌群normal flora感染性infectivity感染中心infectious center攻击力aggressivity侵袭力invasiveness皮肤坏死毒素dermatonecrotoxin毒素toxin毒力virulence感染剂量infective dose, ID半感染剂量infectious dose 50%, ID 50 半数组织培养感染量50% tissue culture infective dose, TCID 50致病性pathogenicity致细胞病变[效应] cytopathic effect, CPE 半数致死量50% lethal dose, LD 50细菌毒力bacterial virulence神经毒力neurovirulence类毒素toxoid神经毒性neurotoxicity最小感染量minimal infecting dose, MID 最小抑菌浓度minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC最小致死量minimal lethal dose, MLD生物制品biological products鞭毛抗原flagellar antigen菌体抗原O antigen[细菌]包被抗原envelope antigen菌苗bacterial vaccine疫苗vaccine活疫苗live vaccine活菌苗live bacterial vaccine单价疫苗univalent vaccine单价菌苗univalent bacterial vaccine多价菌苗polyvalent bacterial vaccine多价疫苗polyvalent vaccine三联疫苗triple vaccine联合疫苗combined vaccine亚单位菌苗subunit bacterial vaccine亚单位疫苗subunit vaccine兔化法lapinization减毒作用attenuation自身疫苗autovaccine自身菌苗autovaccine菌苗疗法vaccinetherapy, vaccinotherapy 化学疗法chemotherapy疫苗疗法vaccinetherapy, vaccinotherapy 疫苗再接种revaccination再接种reinoculation自身接种autoinoculationVi 抗原Vi antigen乙型肝炎核心抗原HBcAg乙型肝炎表面抗原HBsAg扩散因子spreading factor乙型肝炎e抗原HBeAg溶血[作用] haemolysis[抗菌素的]协同作用synergism 抑菌作用bacteriostasis杀芽孢剂sporicide杀病毒剂virucide抗溶[菌]素antilysin杀菌剂germicides消毒剂disinfectant抑菌剂bacteriostat抗微生物剂antimicrobial agent抗菌剂antibacterial agent抗真菌剂antifungal agent杀细菌剂bactericide杀真菌剂mycocide抑真菌剂fungistat消毒disinfection腐败putrefaction防腐antisepsis石炭酸系数phenol coefficient药物敏感性drug susceptibility防腐剂antiseptic大肠菌类coliform group大肠[杆]菌值colititre大肠[杆]菌指数coli-index指示菌indicator显微肥达氏凝集试验microscopic Widal agglutination test敏化细菌sensitized bacteria无特定病原动物specific pathogen free animals, SPFA无菌动物germ-free animal硫磺[样]颗粒sulfur granule显微镜microscope双目显微镜binocular microscope倒置显微镜invert microscope明视野显微镜bright field microscope 暗视野dark-field暗视野显微镜dark-field microscope暗视野显微术dark-field microscopy相差显微镜phase contrast microscope [分辨]干涉差显微镜Differential interference contrast microscope, DICM 荧光显微镜fluorescence microscope 电[子显微]镜electron microscope透射电[子显微]镜transmission electron microscope, TEM扫描电[子显微]镜scanning electron microscope, SEM超薄切片术ultramicrotomy超薄切片ultrathin section目镜ocular物镜objective透镜lens补偿目镜compensative eyepiece消色差透镜achromatic lens全消色差透镜apochromatic lens低倍物镜low power objective高倍物镜high power objective油浸物镜oil immersion objective显微镜集光器microscope condenser镜台测微计stage micrometer目镜测微计ocular micrometer显微操作micromanipulation显微操作器micromanipulator盖玻片cover glass载玻片slide凹玻片concave slide香柏油cedar oil涂片smear悬滴法hanging drop method热固定heat fixation镜检microscopic examination分辨率resolving power放大率magnification染色法staining染色反应staining reaction负染[色法] negative staining鉴别染色法differential staining对染[法] counterstaining两极染色bipolar staining萋-尼染色法Ziehl-Neelsen staining method抗酸细菌染色法acid-fast staining革兰氏染色Gram staining赖夫松鞭毛染色Leifson's flagella staining 墨汁荚膜染色India-ink capsule staining 阿氏染色Albert's staining麦氏[立克次氏体]染色Macchiavello's staining瑞氏染色Wright's staining 富尔根染色Feulgen staining染色剂stain鲁戈氏碘液Lugol's iodine solution吕氏甲烯蓝Loeffler's methylene blue石炭酸品红carbol fuchsin孔雀石绿溶液malachite green solution 柯斯特染料Koester's stain培养基medium营养琼脂nutrient agar营养肉汤nutrient broth远藤培养基Endo's medium沙氏葡萄糖琼脂Sabouraud's dextrose agar吕氏血清培养基Loeffler's serum medium 伊红甲烯蓝琼脂EMB agar沙门-志贺氏琼脂Salmonella-Shigella agar, S.S.agar麦氏培养基MacConkey medium庖肉培养基cooked meat medium马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂potato dextrose agar, PDA豆芽汁培养基bean sprouts medium[蛋白]胨酵母膏葡萄糖培养基peptone-yeast extract-glucose medium分离培养基isolation medium鉴别培养基differential medium富集培养基enrichment medium基础培养基basic medium确定成分培养基defined medium合成培养基synthetic medium半合成培养基semisynthetic medium液体培养基liquid medium半固体培养基semisolid medium固体培养基solid medium滋养培养基enriched medium生化培养基biochemical medium完全培养基complete medium干燥培养基dehydrated medium天然培养基natural medium选择性培养基selective medium平板plate聚硅酸盐平板polysilicate plate梯度平板gradient plate补加培养基supplemented medium。