论文注释和参考文献格式12.1注释Citations2.1.1夹注In-text Citations转述、阐释、总结他人主要观点、引用某些引文或所依据的文献无须详细注释者，以夹注的形式随文在括号内注明。
夹注与“参考文献”结合，形成一种方便、快捷说明引用出处的注释形式。
夹注的构成形式有以下几种情况：1）来自英语文章、专著的直接引语，作者姓名在文中已经出现：格式：出版年份：页码例：Rees said, “As key aspects of …in the process” (1986: 241), …2 ) 来自英语文章、专著的直接引语，作者姓名在文中没有出现：格式：作者姓名，出版年份：页码例：The underlying assumption is that language is “bound up with culture in multiple and complex ways”(Elli, 1968: 3).3 ) 来自英语文章、专著的间接引语，作者姓名在文中已经出现：格式：出版年份：引文页码例：According to Alun Rees (1986: 234)〔夹注直接放在被引者后面〕, the writers focus on the unique contribution that each individual learner brings to the learningsituation.According to Alun Rees，the writers focus on the unique contribution that each individual learner brings to the learning situation (1986: 234). 〔夹注也可以位于引语的最后〕4 ) 来自英语文章、专著的间接引语，作者姓名在文中没有提到：格式：作者姓名出版年份：引文页码例：It may be true that in the appreciation of medieval art the attitude of the observer is of primary importance (Robertson, 1987: 136).5)来自汉语文章、专著，间接引用，作者姓名在文中已经出现2：格式：作者姓名拼音＋夹注（出版年份：引文页码）例：Wang Datong（2002: 111, 2005: 191) believed that…；6)来自汉语的文章、专著，间接引用，作者姓名在文中没有出现：1本格式主要参阅了APA，《外语教学与研究》杂志以及部分大学外语学院毕业论文格式要求；日语毕业论文格式另列。
第二章的内容适用于用英文写作的毕业论文，要求采用随文夹注和文末“参考文献”相结合的注释方法；如采用此方法注释后仍有一些问题需要说明的，可酌情使用脚注。
凡是用汉语撰写的论文，统一采用尾注加参考书目的格式，具体的严格按照《手册》第14-17页的规定执行；日语毕业论文的有关规定见第五章。
2第（5）、（6）项仅适用于用英语撰写但引用到汉语文献的论文，相应的参考书目著录方法见2.3.3。
格式：作者姓名拼音，出版年份：引文页码例：It has been found that these learners confuse the uses of passives and unaccusatives in their interlanguage (Wilson, 2005: 211; Zhang, 2003: 19）7）引自互联网文献引用网络资料时如网页上标有页码，基本格式与上述同；如无页码，标段落（par 或pars）。
例：Therefore, as Fang Wenli argues, in the English class, we don’t have to completely copy the ideal and natural language acquisition environment (Fang, 2005: pars 9-11).8）对引语文字的更改直接引语如出现在正文中间，使用引语的句子不得违反英语语法，不得出现“句中句”。
为了使含直接引语的句子合乎语法，往往有必要对引语的文字作一定的更改。
如果要删除引语中个别词句，可以用省略号（ellipses“…”）取代删除的词句。
如果要加入或者更改个别单词或者词组，则可以将需要加入或者更改的单词或词组放在方括号（square brackets“[ ]”）以内。
例如：删除词句：He stated, “The ‘placebo effect,’ ... disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner” (Smith, 1982: 76), but he did not clarify which behaviors were studied.添加词组：Smith (1982:276) found that “the placebo effect, which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when [his own and others’] behaviors were studied in this manner.”无论删改还是添加字词均不得变更引语的原意。
注意：如果删除是在句内，应该空一格以后再加省略号。
如果删除是在一句整句以后，则应在该整句最后的标点（句号、问号或惊叹号）不空格直接加省略号。
省略号应该用三个句点。
(9）整块引用（block quotation）如果直接引用超过4行，则应采用整块引用格式。
整块引用的内容左右要缩进4个英文字符，不加引号，夹住也独立放置，即夹住放在整块引用的句号后面，如下例的(Auster, 2002: 97)；整块引用后紧接着段落的第一行一般不缩进：Finding such an alternative space becomes the main objective for several characters in the novel; its various passing physical incarnations range from the small room in Brooklyn to the inn in the countryside, from the moving car to the curtained hospital cubicle. In the last of these, the ailing narrator, Nathan Glass, is forced to surrender hisactive sense of external reference points:I don’t think I’ve ever been more numb to my surroundings than I was thatnight, more locked into myself, more absent. [. . .] I know it doesn’t make anysense, but lying in that boxed-in enclosure with the beeping machines and thewires clamped to my skin was the closest I have come to being nowhere, tobeing inside myself and outside myself at the same time. (Auster, 2002: 297) While the narrator’s life-threatening condition can hardly be equated with the same kindof pleasant disorientation as the three experiential chronotopes described above, it stillentails disconnection from reality…（注：整块引用应确系论述需要，要符合行文逻辑；整块引用前后应有一定篇幅的论述，要杜绝连续堆砌整块引用的行为。
）综合例子：Recently, the history of warfare has been significantly revised by critics (Higonnet et al,1987: 334-35) to include women’s personal and cultural responses to battle and itsresultant traumatic effects. Feminist researchers now concur that “ It is no longer trueto claim that women's responses to the war have been ignored” (Raitt & Tate, 1997: 2).Though these studies focus solely on women's experiences, they err by collectivelyperpetuating the masculine-centered impressions originating in Fussell (1975) andBergonzi (1996).However, Tylee further criticizes Fussell, arguing that his study “treated memory and culture as if they belonged to a sphere beyond the existence of individuals or thecontrol of institutions” (1990: 6). Similar critique comes from scholars in mainlandChina(Wang, 2002:111; Zhang, 2005:19; Li, 2005: par 6).2.1.2脚注Footnotes（尾注Endnotes）脚注（和尾注）主要用于：对有关问题、论点做补充说明；提供有一定重要性、但写入正文将有损文本条理和逻辑的解释性信息；提供因篇幅过大不宜使用括号夹注注明的文献出处信息；等。