“cause and effect”)
Let me explain how this will happen.
First, .. Then, ... / Under the status quo, ... After the plan
adoption, …
As a result…
④ Examples and Illustration
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(2)<Basics of refutation> ①First/second/…, they said ... ②But, it is/they are not (always) true/important/relevant to/opposite to/opposed to What you/they said is not … (at all) What you said is the opposite. It is actually our point. They/You are liars/a liar! That/It is because …(e.g. their argument is based on wrong assumption/analysis/misunderstanding) ③ Alternative plan: “There is a better plan to solve the problem”
Conclusion (1) <summary> about 30 seconds to summarize your speech. ① In summary, let me summarize my speech/what I have told you ② First/second/third argument/point (first six speakers) (2) <Indication the end of your speech> The first six speakers: For all these reasons, I am/we are very proud to propose/oppose. So/Because of these reasons, we strongly believe/insist (that)... Whip: For all these reasons, the government side has won this round. That’s all (of my speech). Thank youa/Thanks a lot/so much/very muc5h.
why this is important? That/It is because ... This point is important if we think about the nature/role/first priority
of … What is the nature/ role/top priority ur first/second/… point is …
② Summary in one sentence
It means that .. / On this point, I will explain that ...
③ Reasoning (explanation on how one situation occurs, focusing on
For example, ... /Let’s think about the case of ...
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Ladies and gentlemen, please imagine what (would happen) if …
⑤ Significance/analysis/Relevancy to the stance, team line, or what you want to prove
Prime Minister
1. Greetings
2. Presenting the motion and case (1) <Background information of the motion> ① Under/In the current/present situation/circumstances/These days/recently/Lately/In recent time/years, ② there are some problems that/in …/controversy that/over …/phenomena of /that…
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Explaining points
<transition to arguments>
Ok/Well, here is/are/come(s) our/my arguments/points/substantive
matters/constructive part.
① Sign post (i.e. “sign post”, or simple key phrases that summarize
The Structural Discourse of English Debate
——Outline for Beginners
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1. Greetings ③ ladies and gentlemen, Mr./Madam Speaker and members of the house
Refutation (except PM and OW) (1)<Transition to refutation part> ① Before moving to my arguments /constructive part, let me refute back to the Government / Opposition side. ② I have … rebuttal(s)/refutation(s) against … the previous speaker(s)/…