lution of international settlement

From cash settlement to non-cash settlement From goods trading to documents trading From direct payment between traders to payment effected through a financial intermediary
to maximize revenues; credit risks associated with financing extended to buyers or sellers
Factors in the payment decision
To exporters: protection against non-payment risks by the importers, such as: commercial risks, financial risks; political risks; risks in control of title to the goods,etc. convenience; cost; commercial competitiveness



Characteristics and developing trend
1. 2. the scale and scope of international settlement get greater and greater International lending and financing is closely combined with international payments On the basis of international customs and practice International guarantees applied to international settlement More diversified vehicle currencies The proportion of commercial credit in international settlement gets bigger A much facilitated international banking network connected with electronic telecommunication

Correspondent banking relationship
Meaning of International Settlement
the financial activities conducted among different countries in which payments are effected or funds are transferred from one country to another in order to settle claims and debts,emerged in the course of political ,economic or cultural contacts among them.
International Settlement
Chapter One Introduction


Concept
Category Evolution


Players and theirs roles
Factors in payment decisions Characteristics and developing trend
Negotiable intsruments(票据):
bills of exchange, promissory notes, checks
Payment techniques:
remittances,collections, letters of credit, bank guarantees, international factoring and forfaiting
safety, high efficiency, low cost, standardization

Electronic settlement
SWIFT CHIPS CHAPS FEDWIRE TARGET
SWIFT(Society for worldwide interbank financial telecommunication)环球同业银行金融电讯协会 特点:标准化;安全可靠,自动加核密押;高速度,低费用. 业务分类:客户汇款(customer transfer);银行头寸调拨 (bank transfer);外汇业务(foreign exchange confirmations);托收业务(collections);证券业务 (securities);贵金属和银团贷款业务(precious metals and syndication);信用证和保函(documentary credits and guarantees);旅行支票(travelers cheques);银行帐单处理 业务(statements).
Documents:
bills of lading,insurance policies, certificates of origin, etc
Category of international settlement

Trade settlement: payments for visible trades Non-trade settlement: 1、invisible trade settlement： payments for services, technology transfer, patents and copyright contracts, etc 2、financial transaction settlement： buying and selling of financial assets, overseas money-raising and investing 3、payments between governments：aids and grants 4、others: overseas remittances, inheritances, etc
Players and their roles

Exporter
to get prompt payment; minimize non-payment risks

Importer
to receive goods as ordered; pay as late as possible

Financial intermediary