Aerodynamics History（空气动力学历史）袁亚 011010836摘要：空气动力学是一门比较年轻的科学，主要研究物体主要是飞行器在空气中的运动特性的一门科学。
本文深入浅出，为读者介绍了空气动力学的历史，让大家对这门重要的科学有一些更深刻的认识。
本文正文是摘要自：Aircraft Design:Synthesis and Analysis，中文名《飞机设计：综合与分析》关键词：空气动力学Aerodynamics引言：关于空气动力学的传说：The dream was the subject of great myths and stories such as that of Icarus and his father Daedalus and their escape from King Minos' prison on Crete. Legend has it that they had difficulty with structural materials rather than aerodynamics梦想的主题是伟大的神话故事：伊卡洛斯和他的父亲代达罗斯逃离克里特岛米诺斯王的监狱那样，据说，他们在结构材料结构上有困难，而不是在空气动力学上。
（译者注：说明那个时候这对父子已经掌握了空气动力学的基本知识）Legends of people attempting flight are numerous, and it appears that people have been experimenting with aerodynamics for thousands of years. Octave Chanute, quoting from an 1880's book, La Navigation Aerienne, describes how Simon the Magician in about 67 A.D. undertook to rise toward heaven like a bird. The people assembled to view so extraordinary a phenomenon and Simon rose into the air through the assistance of the demons in the presence of an enormous crowd.人们试图飞行的传说是众多的，而且看来，几千年历来人们一直在试验与空气动力学的原理。
Octave Chanute，引用来自1880的书，La Navigation Aerienne，介绍了在大约公元67年魔术师西蒙如何向一只鸟一样进行了上升到天堂。
人们聚集在一起观看如此特殊的现象，通过了现场恶魔的帮助西蒙上升到了空气中……正文（一）航空的开始：In medieval times further work in applied aerodynamics and flight were made. Some rather notable people climbed to the top of convenient places with intent to commit aviationNatural selection and survival of the fittest worked very effectively in preventing the evolution of human flight.在中世纪时期人们对应用空气动力有了进一步的研究学甚至都做了一些“飞行”的尝试，一些人相当显赫的爬到一些容易到的高处跳下去尝试飞行了了。
但是自然选择和适者生存的生物进化原理却非常有效地防止人类进化飞行本领空气动力学的近现代化：As people started to look before leaping, several theories of flight were propounded (e.g. Newton) and arguments were made on the impossibility of flight.This was not a research topic taken seriously until the very late 1800's. And it was regarded as an important paradox that birds could so easily accomplish this feat that eluded people's understanding. Octave Chanute, in 1891 wrote, "Science has been awaiting the great physicist, who, like Galileo or Newton, should bring order out of chaos in aerodynamics, and reduce its many anomolies to the rule of harmonious law."当人们开始飞跃之前，一些理论已经被提出了（例如牛顿），但人们认为进行飞行对人类来说是不可能的。
直到19世纪后期，空气动力学才被看做是一个重要的课题。
并且它被看作是一个重要的悖论，因为鸟儿却可以轻易完成这一壮举，这似乎避开了人们的理解。
1891，Octave Chanute写道，“空气动力学界一直在等待伟大的物理学家，就像像伽利略、牛顿那样的人，为空气动力学要拨乱反正，并减少许多看似和谐的定律。
”Papers suggested that perhaps birds and insects used some "vital force" which enabled them to fly and which could not be duplicated by an inanimate object. Technical meetings were held in the 1890's. The ability of birds to glide without noticeable motion of the wings and with little or negative altitude loss was a mystery for some time. The theory of aspiration was developed; birds were in some way able to convert the energy in small scale turbulence into useful work. Later this theory fell out of favor and the birds' ability attributed more to proficient seeking of updrafts. (Recently, however, there has been some discussion about whether birds are in fact able to make some use of energy in small scale air motion.)一些论文指出也许鸟类和昆虫用一些“关键因素”使他们飞翔，这个关键的技术却不能被无生命的物体复制。
在19世纪90年代人们开了一次技术会议。
鸟类滑翔却没有明显的翅膀扑动和飞行高度的损失的能力一段时间以来一直是个秘。
该理论被发展了；鸟类在某种程度上能够转换将小规模的混乱的能量转化为有用的工。
后来这个说法失宠，因为人们又认为鸟类的能力是更熟练的寻找的上升气流，并凭借这个气流进行飞行。
2.近现代航空和空气动力学：The figure here is reproduced from the 1893 book, First International Conference on Aerial Navigation. The paper is called, "The Mechanics of Flight and Aspiration," by A.M. Wellington. The figure shows the flight path of a bird climbing without flapping its wings. Today we know that the bird is circling in rising current of warm air (a thermal) 这张图片是1893年，在第一届国际航空导航展览上，从一个叫A.M. Wellington写的书《飞行力学和愿望》复制过来的。
图中显示鸟儿在没有拍动自己的翅膀情况下的飞行路径。
今天我们知道，鸟儿是借助盘旋上升的热气流，向上飞行的Designs were made before people had the vaguest idea about how aircraft flew. Leonardo Di Vinci designed ornithopters in the late 1400's, modeled on his observations of birds. But apart from his work, most designs were pure fantasy.在人们有了对航空器怎么飞行的模糊认识之前，许多的设计已经被提出来了。
在1400's，莱昂纳多达芬奇在对鸟儿进行观察之后，设计了一个飞行器。
但是除了他的工作，大多数设计都是单纯的奇幻不实际的设计。
The first successes came with gliders. Sir George Cayley wrote a book entitled "On Aerial Navigation" in 1809. He made the first successful glider in 1804 and a full-size version five years later at the age of 36. For many years thereafter, though, aeronautics was not taken seriously, except by a small group of zealots. One of these was William Henson who patented the Aerial Steam Carriage, shown here, in 1842. The aircraft was never built, but was very well publicized (with the idea of raising venture capital). Both the design and the funding scheme were ahead of their time.第一个成功的设计是滑翔机，George Cayley（乔治凯利空气动力学之父）在1809写了一本叫《空中导航》的书。