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第4章 鸟类迁徙


• 义亲:银鸥和小黑背鸥(Harris,1970)
留鸟 侯鸟
Why do birds return to the north?
Birds return in the spring because there is more food and space for nesting.
Prepare before migrate
绿头鸭
种群大小: 1 500 000
POPULATION: 1 500 000 MALLARD
繁殖区域
Breeding range
非繁殖区域
Non-breeding range Non-
黑腹滨鹬
DUNLIN
种群大小: 950 000
POPULATION: 950 000
繁殖区域
Breeding ranges
How far and how fast do birds migrate?
Many birds fly at speeds over 80(20~30) miles per hour for long periods of time.
Some birds, like this Black-poll Warbler, fly for days at a time without stopping.
光照增强
激素分泌加剧
越冬地
性腺萎缩,南迁
性腺发达,北迁
繁殖地
激素分泌减弱 光照减弱
• 肾上腺皮质激素 • 脑下垂体催乳激素
•历史因子 Historical factor
• 第四纪冰川
– 矛盾:第三纪已有? – 解释:冰川重要,但不是唯– 南方起源说
占优 !
• 每年的春季和秋季,动物有季节规律地 跨越远距离空间的习性。 • 某些其他类型动物也有迁徙习性
– 蝙蝠、驯鹿、某些昆虫(东亚飞蝗、蝶类)
鸟类的迁徙
• 迁徙:鸟类以年为周期,在越冬地和繁 殖地之间进行定期、集群迁移。
Migration is the regular, seasonal journeys of birds.
• 身体结构
– 迁徙种类的初级飞羽较之留鸟长而尖
• 迁徙前的脂肪积累
– 增加体重的50%
• 迁徙兴奋
– 光周期
影响迁徙活动的最重要因素
• 能量
How do birds migrate?
Scientists don’t know for sure how birds find their way over thousands of miles each year, but they have some ideas:
水鸟迁徙路线
WATERBIRD FLYWAYS
60 o N
东亚雁鸭类迁徙 路线
E ASIAN ANATIDAE FLYWAY
30
o
N
0
o
90oE
150oW
30 oS
150oE
水鸟迁徙路线
WATERBIRD FLYWAYS
60 o N
东亚-澳大利亚鸻鹬 类迁徙路线
E ASIAN –AUSTRALASIAN SHOREBIRD FLYWAY
鸟 侯 的 因 分 划 地 ! 异 而 区
• 迷鸟(straggler bird)
How do we study?
月黑雁飞高,单于夜遁逃
Why do birds migrate?
•生态因子 Ecological factor
In winter, insect eating birds have nothing to eat because the insects are either dead or hibernating.
• Emlen(1967)人造夜空实验,靛蓝彩鹀
Birds can recognize land formations and have an internal map.
•非视觉定向 Non-visual orientation
• Geomagnetic orientation(地磁定向) – Keeton(1972)鸽子线圈 • Olfactory orientation(嗅觉定向) – Papi(1972)鸽子嗅神经破坏/强刺激味道 • Acoustic orientation(听觉定向) – 1000m的蛙鸣,回声定向
•视觉定向 Visual orientation
Some birds may use the sun as a compass to help them navigate.
• Matthews1953紫翅椋鸟笼养实验 • Keeton1969的鸽子时差释放实验
Some birds fly at night and steer by the stars.
第四章 鸟类的迁徙
中科大 曹垒 丛培昊
古人对鸟类迁徙的认识
• Ἀριστοτέλης • “孟春之月鸿雁北,孟秋之月鸿雁来” • 万里人南去,三春雁北飞 • 雨霁鸡栖早,风高雁阵斜
广义的迁徙
• 迁移:动物进行一定距离移动(迁居) 的习性。 • 形式
– – – – 迁徙 洄游 垂直移动 迁移
狭义的迁徙
Nectar-feeding birds, like hummingbirds, can’t find flowers.
Water birds migrate because their food and homes become covered in snow and ice.
•生理因子 physiological factor
On the other hand, the American Robin flies only 13 miles in a day when migrating.
What kind of bird migrates the farthest?
The Arctic Tern flies over 12,000 miles from the Arctic to the Antarctic. In the spring he flies back again.
LESSER WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE WHITE-
全球受胁种 GLOBALLY THREATENED 易危 Vulnerable 种群大小: 25 000
POPULATION: 25 000? 000?
繁殖区域
Breeding range
非繁殖区域
Non-breeding range Non-
30
o
N
0
o
90oE
150oW
30 oS
150oE
水鸟迁徙路线
WATERBIRD FLYWAYS
鸻鹬类迁徙路线
SHOREBIRD FLYWAYS
迁徙期:鸟类生活史的“瓶颈”
• • • • • 恶劣的气候条件 天敌 能量耗尽 种内、种间竞争 陌生的环境条件
迁徙期的死亡率是非迁徙期的15倍
中途停歇地对鸟类迁徙的作用
“人字”
白鹤
SIBERIAN CRANE
全球受胁种 GLOBALLY THREATENED 极危 Critically endangered 种群大小: 3 000
POPULATION: 3 000
繁殖区域
Breeding range
非繁殖区域
Non-breeding range Non-
小白额雁
articola sakhalina
actites kistchinski
非繁殖区域
Non-breeding range Non-
水鸟迁徙路线
WATERBIRD FLYWAYS
60 o N
东北亚鹤类迁 徙路线
NE ASIAN CRANE FLYWAY
30
o
N
0
o
90oE
150oW
30 oS
150oE
• 联系鸟类繁殖地和非繁殖地(越冬地) • 补充食物,能量 • 成功繁殖
繁殖地
中途停歇地
非繁殖地
迁徙方式
• 跳跃式(jump):长距离 • 蹦跳式(skip):中等距离 • 轻跳式(hop):短距离
鸟类迁徙的类型
• 留鸟(resident) • 侯鸟(migrant)
– 夏侯鸟(summer resident) – 冬侯鸟(winter resident) – 旅鸟(traveler)
Let’s review:
Migration is the regular, seasonal journeys of birds. Birds migrate to find food and warmer weather. Birds return to the north for more food and nesting space. Birds navigate by using the sun, stars and land formations. Birds migrate over thousands of miles, sometimes flying for days at a time at high rates of speed.
How high do birds migrate?
• • • •
一般<1000m 大 3000~6300m 小<300m 个别>9000m
• 夜晚低于白昼,阴天低于晴天
Lots of secret?
• • • • •
同种鸟的南北迁徙路线不同 南北迁徙路线所耗时间不同 同种鸟类不同类群不同 气候地形对迁徙的影响 侯鸟变留鸟
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