第四讲初中英语时态综合讲解（2）现在完成时一、现在完成时定义：1、表示过去发生的或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果；2、也可表示动作或状态在过去已经开始，一直持续到现在的动作或状态，还有可能继续持续下去。

二、基本结构：主语+ have/has + 动词的过去分词+ 其他。

1、当主语是第三人称单数时用has,其余人称用have。

2、当have被用在现在完成时态中时，它可以和前面的代名词一起组成缩写形式。

3、现在完成时用not来表达否定形式。

当有not出现的时候，have可以和not组成缩写，但是此时不能和前面的代名词组成缩写。

4、过去分词:规则动词的过去分词构成与动词过去式相同;不规则动词需要特殊记忆。

三、基本句式：否定式: 主语+ haven't/hasn't + 过去分词+ 其他。

疑问式: Have /Has + 主语+ 过去分词+ 其他?简略答语: Yes, 主语+ have/has. (肯定)No, 主语+ haven't/hasn't. (否定)四、基本用法：1、动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但对现在有某种影响和结果。

常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。

如：(1)-Have you had lunch yet? 你（已经）吃午饭了吗？-Yes,I have. I've just had it.我刚刚吃过。

（现在我不饿了）(2)-I have already watched the TV play. 我已经看过这部电视剧了。

(3)-Have you found your lost pen yet?你找到丢失的钢笔了吗？-No,I haven't found it yet.没，我还没有找到。

2、表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。

这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍然在进行。

常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语，多为延续性动词。

如：He has taught here since 1981.他自1981年就在这教书。

(可能还要继续教)I haven't seen her for four years.我有四年没见到她了。

3、表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在成为一种经验，一般译为汉语“过”，常带有twice, ever, never, threetimes等时间状语。

如：I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京二次。

4、现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响,用以下四大标志词可以表达这种含义:以already, just和yet为标志：already, just和yet 表示到现在为止动作或状态已经、刚刚或还没有发生。

以ever和never为标志：ever和never 表示到现在为止动作或状态曾经或从来没有发生过。

以动作发生的次数为标志：若某一动作到现在为止已经发生了若干次,则要使用现在完成时。

以so far为标志：so far往往表示到目前为止动作或状态已经发生。

五、现在完成时的时间状语：For+一段时间（时间段）since+时间点或时间状语从句so far (到目前为止，迄今为止)ever（曾经）never（从来不）just（刚刚）yet（还）till now, until now, up to now（直到现在）in the past two years\months(在过去的两年里\数月)the last few years(近几年里)before(以前)already（已经）recently（最近）lately（最近）once（一次）twice(两次)three times（三次）等等。

1、现在完成时属于现在时范围，故不能和过去的时间状语连用。

如：yesterday, last Sunday, in1990, just now, in the past, three years ago等(一般过去时常常与具体的时间状语连用)。

但是，现在完成时在强调动作产生的后果和影响时，可以和模糊的、能延续的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。

(1)just: 刚刚，不是动作刚刚结束，常位于助动词和过去分词之间。

(2)already: 已经，常和现在完成时连用，already用于肯定句，可放在助动词后、过去分词前，也可放在句末。

(3)yet:常和现在完成时连用，yet用在疑问句中“已经”，否定句中“还”，常放在句末。

already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和疑问句中。

如：We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了。

They haven't finished their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业。

(4)用ever （曾经）和never（从来没有）。

多用于否定或疑问句中。

如：-Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾经去过长城吗？-I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。

如：I have seen her before,but I can not remember where.我以前见过她，但记不起在哪里见过。

He has been there three times the last few years. 近几年他去过那里三次了。

2、用包括“现在”在内的时间状语，如：now, today, this morning(month,year,term)等。

如：-Have you met him today? 今天你见过他吗？-No,I haven't. 不，我没有。

How many times have you been there this year? 今年你去过那里多少次？六、非延续性动词与一段时间连用可采用下列三种方法:"1、现在完成时可以和带有since或for等表示“一段时间”的状语连用,表示动作或状态从某一时刻开始，一直持续到现在。

如：I haven't seen him for two years.但是，像come, arrive, buy, go, leave, start, die, finish, end, become等短暂性动词(终止性动词)不能与表示“一段时间”的状语连用。

要用，必须改为延续性动词(如：live, teach, learn, work, study, know等)来表述。

现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换：arrive→be herebegin(start)→be ondie →be deadcome back→be backcome →be herego →be therewake up →be awakeleave→be awayget up→be upgo out →be outfall ill→be illfall sick→b e sickfall asleep→be asleepfinish→be overend →be overborrow →keeplend→keepbuy →havelose →not haveclose →be closedcome to work→workget to know→knowput on →wear 或be onjoin →be in或be a member ofbegin to study→studycatch(a cold)→ have(a cold)go to school→be a studentopen →be open或keep sth open如：He has been a soldier for three years.他参军三年了。

His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世二年了。

The film has been on for ten minutes.电影已开始十分钟了。

We have studied English for three years. 我们（开始）学英语已三年了。

2、把时间状语改为过去时间,并用一般过去时代替现在完成时.如：We have studied English for three years. 我们（开始）学英语已三年了。

We began to study English three years ago. 我们三年前（开始）学英语。

3、用句型"It is +一段时间+since从句（从句的谓语动词用短暂性动词的一般过去式）"表示.如：It is two years since the old man died.这个老人死了两年了。

七、现在完成时和一般过去时的区别现在完成时和一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作。

但现在完成时强调的是这一动作与现在的关系。

如对现在产生的结果或影响等，而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生，不表示和现在的关系。

试比较：I have lost my new book. 我把新书丢了。

（现在还未找到）I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新书丢了。

（昨天丢的，现在找到与否没说明）八、注意事项（1）have been(to)表示“去过某地（人现在已经回来了）”，可用于各人称；have gone(to)表示“去了某地（人还没有回来）”，常用于第三人称；前者可与once , never, several times等连用，后者则不能。

如：They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。

He has gone to Beijing . 他去北京了。

（2）如单纯表示一段时间，或强调一段时间，虽有since一词，也不必用完成时。

如：It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世已有三年了。

（3）终止性动词现在完成时的否定式，已变成一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。

如：I haven't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来，我一直没有离开过这儿。

九、专项训练（一）、单项选择1. Li Hong has ________ the army for 2 years.A. joinedB. be inC. been inD. joined in2. We have been friends since ______.A. childrenB. five yearsC. five years agoD. five years before3. Mike ___________ the story for a month.A. has boughtB. has hadC. had hadD. has borrowed4. You ______ that question three times.A. already askedB. have already askedC. already have askedD. asked already5. Those foreign friends left Guangzhou __________.A. since last weekB. a week agoC. for a weekD. since a week ago6. I _____ at this school for two years.A. am studyingB. StudyC. studiedD. have studied7. They _________ in the city since last summer.A. liveB. didn’t liveC. have livedD. live8. Mrs. Wang has lived in Haikou _________ 1992.A. sinceB. fromC. AfterD. in9. Mr. Black _________ China since the summer of 1998.A. has been toB. has been inC. has come toD. came to10. His father _______ for years.A. has diedB. has been deadC. diedD. dies11. Mary ________ to see the films because she __________ it twice.A. won’t go, sawB. won’t go, will seeC. won’t go, has seenD. didn’t go, see12.---- Would you like some more food?----Thank you. I _______ enough.A. will haveB. have hadC. haveD. had13. ______ you ______ England? Yes, it _____ a beautiful country.A. Will, gone to, wasB.Have, been to, isC. Had, been to, isD.Have, gone to, i14. ----_______ you _______ to Beijing?----No, I ______.I ______ there early next month.A. Have, been, haven’t, am goingB. Had, been, hadn’t, am goingC. Have, gone, haven’t, was goingD.Did,go, didn’t, was going15. ---You sister ______ to London to study English. Is that true?---Yes , she ___ there for two months.A. has been, has beenB. will go, has goneC. gone, will beD. has gone, has been16. He has a computer of his own. He ____ it two days agoA. boughtB. BoughtC. boughtD. has bought17. —Where is Li Lei? —He ___ Shanghai.A. has gone toB. has been toC. went toD. goes to18. He _______ his homework and is now listening to music.A.finishesB. has finishedC. FinishD. is finishing19. David _______ Shanghai for more than three months.A. came toB. has been toC. has been inD. has come to20. --- Is your father a Party member?--- Yes, he ____ the party three years ago. He _____ a Party member for three yearA. joined; has beenB. has joined; has beenC. was joined; isD. joined; was21. ---What a nice bike! How lone ____ you ____ it? ----Just five weeks.A. will; buyB. did; buyC. are; havingD. have; had22. I ______ this book for a week .I have to return it now.A. borrowedB. have borrowedC. keptD. have kept23. ----______ your sister _______ in Green China for a long time?----Yes. She joined it five years ago.A. Has; beenB. Have; beenC. Has; joinedD. Have; joine24. ---How long have you _______ from the USA? ----For three months.A. come backB. returnedC. go backD. been back25. I _____ this book for half a year.A. have boughtB. have hadC. boughtD. had26. The students are sorry to hear that famous singer _______ for a year.A. has leftB. has goneC. has been awayD. has gone away27. --- ______ you______ your homework yet? ---Yes, I _____ it just now.A. Did; do; finishedB. Have; done; finishedC. Have; done; have finishedD. Will; do; finish28. The sand storm weather ______ in Beijing several times this year.A. happenB. happenedC. has happenedD. have happened29. ---How long have you been here? --- ____ last month.A. ForB. UntilC. BeforeD. Since30. He ____ a cold for three days.A. has caughtB. has hadC. has gotD. caught31. Jim Green ____ in China for two years.A. has comeB. has beenC. has arrivedD. came32. The film ____ for half an hour.A. has been onB. has begunC. hasn’t begunD. began33.—Where have you _______ these days？—I have to Beijing with my friends．A. been；goneB. been；beenC. gone；beenD. gone；gone 34．How long have you _______ this book？A. bought B．borrowed C．had D．lent35. We have lived here _______ five years ago．A. when B．since C．before D．after 36．—I have watched the game．—When _____you _______ it？A．have；watched B．do；watch C．Did;watch D．will；watch 37．—How do you like Beijing, Mr. Black？—Oh，I _______ such a beautiful city．A．don't visit B．didn't visit C．haven't visited D．hadn't visited 38．Miss Brown _______ to the Great Wall twice．A．have been B．has been C．have gone D．has gone 39.His brother has been to Stone Forest twice ______ he came to Yunnan．A．After B．before C．since D．for 40．His grandpa _______ for two years．A．was died B．has been dead C．was dead D．has died 41．—Have you ever_______ to Haikou？—A．A．1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、1.2.3.4.5.她去过上海。