Chinese English横坐标horizontal axis纵坐标vertical axis需求曲线demand curve需求表demand schedule有效需求effective demand机会成本opportunity cost均衡价格equilibrium price需求法则law of demand需求价格弹性price elasticity of demand供给价格弹性price elasticity of supply边际效用或满足递减diminishing marginal utility orsatisfaction饱和点saturation point派生需求derived demand……根据市场因素力量来制定生产计划to make their production plans on the basis of the strength of the market forces消费者主权consumer sovereignty政府委托的补助金government-mandated subsidy财务报表financial statement负社会成本negative social costs规模经济economies of scale最大负荷peak-load（为创立企业的）筹款flotation最小有效规模minimum efficient scale(MES)市场势力market power经济福利economic well-being反托拉斯法antitrust law边际成本定价法marginal-cost pricing平均成本定价法average-cost pricing无谓损失deadweight loss公有制public ownership投票机制voting booth产业组织industrial organization市场失灵market failure解职费、解雇费severance pay不完全竞争市场结构imperfectly competitivemarket structure垃圾邮件junk mail边际收益=边际成本MR=MC(marginal revenue=marginal cost)市场份额market share价格制定者price maker价格接受者price taker免费送货上门free home delivery达到预期目的、获得成功do the trick资本存量capital stock国民收入账户national income account 生产要素factor of production要素成本factor cost开支法expenditure approach 要素收入法factor income approach政府对产品和劳务的采购government purchase of goods and services净出口net export个人消费支出personal consumptionexpenditure私人国内总投资gross private domesticinvestment转移支付transfer payment总支出aggregate expenditure雇员报酬compensation of employees租金收入rental income公司利润corporate profits净利息net interest业主收入proprietor’s income扣除（所得税）withhold附加福利、附带的好处fringe benefit养老基金缴款Pension fund contribution 估算的租金imputed rent未偿还余额、未清余额outstanding balance在……之间产生分裂/差别drive a wedge between 磨损、消耗wear and tear资本积累capital accumulation人均实际国内生产总值real GDP per capita总量生产函数aggregate production function生产可能性边缘界production possibility frontier 为学校保险underwrite schooling投入生产率productivity of an input资本形成capital formation社会分摊资本social overhead capital资源禀赋resource endowments产生回报yield a return贫困的恶性循环假设vicious-circle-of-povertyhypothesis资本外逃capital flightprice ceilings价格最高限额（上限）、最高限价free-rider problem免费搭车问题、搭便车问题依附理论dependency theory现状status quo国际经济新秩序new international economicorder抢购panic buying基年base year加权法weight measurement物价指数、价格指数price index需求拉动型通货膨胀cost-push inflation成本推动型通货膨胀demand-pull inflation货币供应量money supply就业机会employment opportunity（经济的）低谷trough商业周期、经济周期business cycle周期性失业cyclical unemployment摩擦性失业frictional unemployment结构性失业structural unemployment政府预算赤字government budget deficit双方一致的交易愿望double coincidence of wants 赊购、租购hire purchase以信贷的方式on a credit basis保险仓库、信托仓库safe deposits闲置时的存款idle depositshard currency硬通货（可自由换成其他外币的外币）有息存款Interest-bearing deposits存储账户savings accountcurrent accounts往来账户、活期存款账户账簿入账book entry承兑支票honor the/a cheque,acceptance cheque信贷结构credit structure金融债券financial bonds附属物appendages资金结算fund settlement试验pilot trial净资产回报率为…… A net assets feed-back rate of 高资金占有率high funds occupancy rate拨款appropriations亏损挂账loss accounts外汇经纪人foreign exchange broker浮动汇率flexible exchange rate管理汇率managed exchange rate资产结合平衡理论portfolio balance theory英国房屋互助协会building societies实物资产physical assets国际收支the balance of payment日历年calendar year国际收支账户balance of payment accounts 专利权税、版税royalty贸易差额balance of trade期外汇汇率spot exchange rate国际收支基本差额the basic balance of thebalance of payments金融工具financial instrument国际货币基金组织的《国际收支年鉴》IMF’s Balance of Payments Yearbook复式簿记系统a double entry bookkeepingsystem末行数字bottom line统计误差statistical discrepancies安全避风港经济体、经济安全避风港a safe haven economy国际货币体系international monetary system 金本位制the gold standard黄金等价物gold equivalent固定汇率fixed exchange rate货币数量论the quantity theory of money 金汇兑本位制the gold exchange standard （美国）联邦储备委员会the Federal Reserve Board国际复兴开发银行the International Bank forReconstruction andDevelopment国际储备international reserve可调整的钉住汇率制度、可调整的固定汇率制度adjustable peg system平价parity储备货币reserve currency货币互换currency swap特别提款权special drawing rights (SDRs)记账单位unit of account加权平均值weighted average value一篮子货币 a basket of currencies正在充分发展in full bloom流动负债liquid liabilities史密森协议the Smithsonian Agreement浮动汇率制度/体系floating exchange rate system “蛇洞制”snake in the tunnel牙买加协议Jamaica Agreementtarget zone arrangement目标区协定、目标区安排汇率机制Exchange Rate Mechanism(ERM)欧洲统一大市场Single Market开出支票writing checks自动稳定器automatic stabilizer美联储the Fed国库券treasury bills日常的day-to-day紧缩信贷、紧缩信用tighten credit收回一些贷款call in some loans实行信贷配额credit rationing公开市场业务open market operations乘数效应、增值效应the multiplier effect混合经济mixed economy放手的、不干涉的hands-off自由放任的laissez-faireinvisible hand看不见的手（市场机制）Medicaid美国的公共医疗补助制度社会保障social security累进税progressive taxation福利国家welfare state金融恐慌financial panic制成品manufactured goods债务危机debt crisis供不应求weak supply,demand exceedssupply供大于求oversupply/glut(supplyexceeds demand)价格管制price control最低价price floor价格暴涨price boom物价螺旋上升price spiral价格剪刀差price scissors利润最大化profit maximization显性成本explicit cost隐性成本implicit costs会计利润accounting profit正常利润normal profit固定成本fixed costs可变成本variable costs平均总成本average total costs边际成本marginal costs私人成本private costs社会成本social costs经济决策economic decision making现实经济actual economy收取较高价格charge higher prices自然垄断natural monopoly垄断地位monopoly position行政管理人员administrative staff成本-效益分析cost-benefit analysis实际上in practice,in essence,ineffect简而言之put it simply产品差异化product differentiation相互依赖mutual interdependence换句话说stated another way,stateddifferently, in other words标准化产品standardized product法律壁垒legal barrier非价格竞争non-price competition价格刚性price rigidity价格大战price war国民收入核算national product account国内生产净值net domestic product实际国内生产总值real gross domestic product名义国内生产总值nominal gross domesticproduct现值美元current dollar不变美元constant dollar最终产品final added本期产出current output货物税excise tax外汇牌价foreign exchange quotations 外汇许可foreign exchange license货币理论monetary theory以英镑标价的证券sterling-denominatedsecurities国际租赁international leasing经济过热economic overheating扩张性政策expansionary policy紧缩性政策contractionary policy充分就业full employment转移支付transfer payments贴现率discount rate法定准备金legal reserves准备金要求reserve requirement准备金比率reserve ratio定期存款time deposit政府管制government regulation政府干预government intervention劳动分工division of labor市场交易market exchange收入再分配income redistribution撤销管制规定deregulation列入enter into自我实现self-actualization同样地in a similar fashionfringe benefits（工资以外的）附加福利出生国、生产国country of origin统计不够、少算undercount（移民）来源国source countries掌握某事的情况Keep track of移民潮migratory flows（移民）来源国经济source economiescivil service政府中的文职机构、公务人员外差因素externalities最佳程度optimal level普通股的购买选择权call options on common stocks 放弃的消费foregone consumption实物投资real investments证券市场security markets抵押债券mortgage bonds公司债债券debenture bonds非新增发seasoned new issues新增发unseasoned new issues初次公开出售initial public offerings金融债权financial claims短期国库券treasury bills购买优先股purchase preferred stock免税证券tax-exempt securities现金流的数量the size of these cash flows股息流量the stream of dividends派息率payout rate投资环境investment environmentmarketable securities可出售的证券或有价证券普通股common stock优先股preferred stock回报率rate of return技术分析technical analysis基础分析fundamental analysis对风险和收益的权衡the risk-return tradeoff套期保值hedge风险规避risk aversion期权和期货options and futures空头卖出short-selling用保证金购买buying on margin排除rule out按比例分配 a pro rata portion发起书、说明书prospectus规定的摊交额defined contribution,stipulated contributions抵押品collateral赤字、亏空shortfall终身和定期人寿保险whole-life and term insurancepolicytax-advantaged investments在税收上享受优惠的投资收取保险费collect policy premiums一条共同的贯穿主线 a common thread银行利差bank interest rate spread到期日最短shortest maturity捐助资金endowment funds一次性总付lump-sum paymentthrift institutions互助储蓄银行、储蓄信贷协会credit unions信用合作社、互助储金会股份公司stock company互助公司mutual company寿险life insurancedeductible clauses可减损失条款、免赔条款一揽子附加福利fringe benefit package总保险单master policy定期保险term insurance信贷人寿保险credit life insurance养老保险、储蓄保险endowment insurance货币市场证书money market certificate实体分配physical distribution存货控制inventory control促进……的发展give a fillip to投机者calper套利基金hedge funds国际清算银行Bank for InternationalSettlements (BIS)投机买卖speculation事实上、事实上的de facto争端解决程序dispute settlement process保证措施safeguard原产地规则rule of origin上诉机构the Applelate Body国民待遇national treatment诸边协议plurilateral agreement危险点条款peril-point provision例外条款escape clause普惠制generalized system ofpreferences障碍物、绊脚石stumbling block自愿出口限制Voluntary export restraints(VERs)后卫战斗、维护旧制度的努力rear-guard action国产化程度要求domestic content requirements 混合购买要求mixing requirement政府采购条款government procurementprovisions从价税ad valorem tariff欧洲边界税European Border Taxes个人所得税personal income tax处在相同的起点上on an equal footing行政性分类administrative classification 比较优势、比较利益comparative advantage与贸易有关的投资措施trade related investment measures (TRIMs)业绩要求performance requirements与贸易有关的知识产权trade-related intellectual property rights (TRIPs)正常价值normal value掠夺性倾销predatory dumping 周期性倾销cyclical dumping季节性倾销seasonal dumping 持久性倾销persistent dumping 含关税的价格tariff-inclusive price 试销价格性质的introductory-price 利益攸关各方interested parties官方赠与official grants进步联盟the Alliance for Progress两缺口模型Two-Gap Model外汇约束foreign-exchange constraints 外汇瓶颈foreign-exchange bottleneck 中间产品intermediate goods资本品capital goods吸收能力absorptive capacity捆绑援助tied aid偿债debt repayment次优的second-best为求得心安而付的钱conscience money世界银行集团the World Bank Group税收收入tax revenue多边投资担保机构the Multilateral InvestmentGuarantee Agency (MIGA)解决投资争端国际中心the International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)调节或仲裁conciliation or arbitration东道国host country执行董事会Board of Executive Directors国际货币基金协定（其宪章）条款Articles of Agreement(its Charter)国际货币与金融委员会International Monetary and Financial Committee捐款、赞助subscription 失调maladjustment新借款协定、借款新安排New Arrangements to Borrow (NAB)购买-回购机制purchase-repurchasemechanism流动债券/要求权liquid claim (on)储备头寸、准备金头寸reserve position报酬、酬金、赔偿remuneration债务偿付义务debt service obligation 付息payments of interest财务代理人fiscal agent贸易集团trading bloc本地化程度要求local content requirement 政府干预government interventions 地区贸易集团regional trade groupings 非关税壁垒non-tariff barriers进口配额import quotas率先之举initiative服务业service industries贸易创造trade creation贸易转移trade diversion互补性complementarities要素禀赋factor endowment相互性reciprocation不公平贸易行为unfair trade practice债务免除debt relief技术转让technology transfer多边自由贸易multilateral free trade加剧intensification营销现实marketing realities应变（急）计划contingency planning以微弱多数by a very narrow margin欧洲环境署European EnvironmentAgency工资等级wage scale工资差额wage differential工资制wage drift营销导向marketing orientation关税同盟customs union审议机制review mechanism附属机构subsidiary body反补贴措施countervailing measure反倾销调查antidumping investigation食品卫生food sanitation进口禁令import ban官僚作风red tape渐进式改革progressive reform转型经济transition economy贸易自由化trade liberalization市场准入market access非关税政策nontariff policies自由载量权discretionary authority自愿出口限制voluntary export restraint保护主义压力protectionist pressure卫生设施sanitation facilities装配线assembly line贸易报复trade retaliation从量税specific tariff直接税direct tax间接税indirect tax出口补贴export subsidy竞争上的劣势competitive disadvantage溢出效应spillover国外子公司foreign subsidiary经济实力economic power出口基地export base基地在欧洲的公司Europe-based companies跨国公司multinational corporation外国援助foreign aid经济援助economic aid政治条件political conditions官方援助official aid优惠贷款concessional loans遏止政策policy of containment政治动机political motivation道义动机moral motivation捐赠国donor country受援国recipient country储蓄缺口savings gap外汇缺口exchange gap外部援助external assistance技术援助technical assistance附带条件strings attached吸收能力absorptive capacity扶贫povertyalleviation/relief/elimination/reduction结构调整structural adjustment大众文化mass culture学术期刊academic journal滥伐森林forest depletion资源滥用appropriation of resources领土边界territorial boundaries环境破坏environmental destruction单一货币single currency年度预算annual budget货币稳定currency stability经济复苏计划economic recovery plan劳动力政策labor policies最低工资minimum wages货币联盟monetary union经济综合发展comprehensive developmentof economy经济发展战略strategy for economicdevelopment宏观经济政策理论theory of macroeconomicpolicy宏观经济决策macroeconomic decision微观经济现象microeconomic phenomenon 传统的计划经济traditional planned economy刺激经济发展stimulate economicdevelopment商品经济commodity economy市场经济market economy自由市场经济free market economy发达的市场经济developed market economy发展中的市场经济developing market economy 新兴市场经济emerging market economy成熟市场经济mature market economy市场经济国家market economy country粗放型经济extensive economy集约型经济intensive economy混合经济mixed economy地区经济regional economy经济增长点economic growth point/engine经济增长方式economic growth mode经济增长率economic growth rate闭关自守经济closed economy多种经济，多样化经济diversified economy经济手段economy measure经济形势economic situation经济周期economic cycle经济波动economic fluctuation经济奇迹economic miracle经济起飞economic take-off经济复苏economic recovery/resurgence经济制裁economic sanction全球经济global economy经济全球化economic globalization世界经济一体化integration of world economy 国际经济一体化international economicintegration国际新经济秩序new international economicorder世界经济多极化multi-polarization of worldeconomy经济共同体economic community宏观调控MACRO-CONTROL加强宏观调控strengthen macro-control软着路soft landing宏观经济形势macro-economic situation宏观控制与微观搞活macro control and microinvigoration总量控制与经济结构调整control of overall volume and economic restructuring紧缩固定资产投资控制tight control on investment in fixed assets从紧的金融货币政策tight financial and monetarypolicy适度从紧的货币政策moderately tight monetarypolicy适度从紧的信贷政策moderately tight credit policy 放松紧缩的货币政策loosening tight monetarypolicy适度货币供应量adequate amount of the moneysupply过度货币发行量excessive amount of currencyissue保持货币稳定maintain monetary stability低息货币政策cheap money policy利率调整adjustment of interest rate降低利率cut interest rate利率控制control of interest rate紧缩政策deflation policy/squeeze市场干预market intervention国家干预state intervention行政干预administrative interference/intervention行政措施administrative measure风险控制机制risk-control mechanism过热的经济overheated economy消费品价格指数consumer price index调整资本结构recapitalization扩大自主权enlarge the right of self-management促进产权合理流动promote rational flow ofproperty right减员增效reduce staff to improveefficiency投资风险机制investment risk mechanism零售物价指数retail price index平均物价指数average price index通货膨胀因素inflation factor通货膨胀指数债券inflation indexed security信用膨胀inflation of credit通货膨胀率inflation rate通货膨胀压力inflationary pressure最大份额、最佳份额lion’s share反补贴税countervailing duties逃税tax evasion避税场所tax haven重置成本replacement cost。