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2018初中英语教资考试知识点超详细考点总结

第一部分语言知识与能力第一章英语语言知识二、语音(SpeechSounds)P781、语音分类发音方式发音部位VL-清浊音(voiceless consonant) VD -浊辅音(voiced consonant)2、音系学(phonology)P79(1)同化规则(assimilationRule)progressive assimilation顺同化(前面带偏后面)workedregressive assimilation 逆同化(后面带偏前面)newspaperreciprocal/double assimilation 互相同化did you(2)音节(syllable)tea chi-na im-pos-si-ble重音(stress)声调(tone)(3)语音变化(vocalvariety)liaison 连读pick it upplosion爆破音plosionloss 失去爆破sit down ;inplete plosion 不完全爆破askednasal plosion 鼻腔爆破button;lateral plosion 舌边爆破little三、形态学(Morphology)1、morpheme 词素重点!P87(1)free morpheme 自由词素dog;bound morpheme黏着词素moonw alk(2)root词根; affix词缀(prefix 前缀、suffix 后缀);stem 词干friend—ships(3)inflectional affix 屈折词缀—s,-ing,-ed不同形式(4)derivationalaffix 派生词缀改变词性与意义2、(1)inflection屈折变化—s,-ing,—ed不同形式(2)word-formation 词得形成:pounding 复合法through-outderivation 派生法(prefixation 前缀化suffixation后缀化)il—logical-ly3、常见构词法P89invention新创词nylon ;blending 混成法smoke+fog=smogclipping 截断法advertisement=ad ;initialism首字母连写词WTOacronym 首字母拼音词AIDS;back-formation逆构词法editor-—edi tanalogicalcreation 类似构词work——wrought/workedtypes of borrowing 借词法:loanword/borrowing 借词feast(法语中借来)loanblend混合借词Chinatown (本国加外来)loanshift转移借词bridge (借用意义)loantranslation翻译借词(从别种语言翻译而来)4、词义变化broadening 词义扩大bird小鸟--鸟类;narrowing词义缩小girl年轻人--女孩meaning shift词义转移;classshift 词性转换;folk etymology 俗词源(错多了成了对得)四、句法学(Syntax) P911、句法关系syntagmatic relation 组合关系(horizontal relation/chain relation)构成同一形式、序列或结构paradigmaticrelation 聚合关系(vertical relation/choicerelation)各要素可相互替换relation of co—occurrence 共现关系(不同集合得词语一起组成句子)2、句子结构与成分immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析法(IC分析法)The boy ate the apple、用树形图(tree diagram)一般句子,主谓宾之类得endocentric construction 向心结构一个词或词组可以确定为中心(center)或中心词(head)twostone bridge 一般名词/动词/形容词短语exocentricconstruction离心结构没有确定得中心或中心词The boy smiled、一般动宾/系表结构deep structure 深层结构(含义相同,说法不同)surface structure表层结构(句子表述方式)五、语义学(Semantics)P931、涵义关系(Sense Relations)lexical relation词汇关系(1)同义关系(Synonymy)synonyms 同义词stylistic 文体差别(formality) buy—-perchase ;dialectal地域差别underground—-subwaycollocational 搭配差别accuse(of)--charge(with) ;emotive 情感差别thrifty—-stingy;semantic语义差别enough--ample (2)反义关系(Antonymy)antonyms反义词relational opposites意义相反词gradable antonymy等级反义warm--coolplementaryantonymy 互补反义boy——girlconverse antonymy反向反义关系buy——sell(3)上下义关系(Hyponymy)种类与成员包括上坐标词(superordinate)与下义词(hyponymy)flower-—rose/tulip(4)一词多义(Polysemy)(5)同音/同形异义现象(Homonymy)homophone同音异义sun--sonhomograph同形异义lieplete homonym完全同音同形异义bank 岸边;银行2、句子逻辑关系iff—-充分必要条件“Sistrue iffP”P就就是S得真值条件(t ruth condition)P(1)synonymy同义关系“X is synonymous with Y、”同真同假P95 (2)contradiction矛盾关系“X isinconsistent with Y、"一真一假(3)entailment蕴含关系“XentailsY、”X小,Y大X:oldma nY:man(4)presupposition预设关系“XpresupposesY、”Y就是前提X:repa ir the car Y:have a car六、语用学(Pragmatics) P961、言语行为理论(SpeechAct Theory)(1)locutionaryact 发话行为(说话人表达字面意思)isthe act ofsaying something whichis meaningful an canbeunderstood、(2)illocutionary act行事行为(说话人表达意图)isthe actin saying something to perform af unction、(3)perlocutionary act 取效行为(作用于听话人得效果)istheresults oreffects that are produced bymeansof sayingsomething、言外之意(illocutionary point):representatives阐述类; directives指令类;missives 承诺类;expressives 表达类; declarations宣告类2、会话含义理论(Conversational Principle/Maxim)violate违反P97cooperativeprinciple,CP 合作原则(会话有共同目标)“Make your conversational contributionsuch as isrequired,at the stage at whichit occurs,by theaccepted purpose or directionoftheta lk exchange in whichyou are engaged、”(1)the maximof quantity数量准则(信息充分)(2)themaxim of quality质量准则(说实话)(3)themaximof relation相关准则(说相关得事)(4)the maxim ofmanner方式准则(清楚简洁避免歧义)conversational implicature 会话含义(用会话准则暗示意义)(1)calculability可推导性(含义能理解)(2)cancellability 可取消性(defeasibility)(因素变化,含义变化)(3)non—detachability 不可分离性(含义依附于内容)(4)non-conventionality非规约性(含义不确定)七、修辞学(Rhetoric)问法:rhetoric/rhetorical device 修辞策略P981、simile明喻like,as、、、as,asif,as though,similar to,suchas2、metaphor隐喻(暗含比较)elephantpause3、personification拟人(把事物或概念当做人)4、metonymy借代(用事物得名称代替亲密相关得另一事物)5、synecdoche提喻(部分代替整体或整体代替部分)hand/mouth--man6、euphemism婉言die--pass away7、irony反语(意思相反)8、allegory讽喻9、exaggeration夸张(夸大或缩小使表达生动有趣)10、transferred epithet移位修辞nervous exam11、oxymoron矛盾修辞bitter-sweet memory12、pun双关语(homophonic puns谐音双关;homographic puns 语义双关)八、语言教学P1001、中介语(interlanguage)2、对比分析(contrastive analysis)3、错误分析(error analysis)(1)error错误(因为知识不足)mistake失误(不注意犯错)(2)interlingual errors语际错误(迁移错误)因为母语Cnglishintralingualerrors语内错误(发展性错误)因为过度概括语言规则eat—eated(错)4、错误性质:omissions省略(少成分);additions 添加(多成分);misformations 形式错误(eated);double markings 双重标记(didn’twent);misorderings顺序错误(howyou are)5、我国外语学习者错误类型(1)negative transfer 负迁移/干扰因为母语(2)over—generalization过度类推/过度概括因为过度概括语言规则(3)pragmatic failure语用错误违反对方得文化习俗6、第二外语习得理论(SecondLanguage Acquisition,SLA)(1)Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis语言习得与学得假说(习得与学得两条不同得途径)(2)Monitor Hypothesis语言监察假说(学习者自己监督控制语言输出质量)(3)InputHypothesis语言输入假说(接触理解可理解性语言输入prehensible input)(4)Affective Filter Hypothesis情感过滤假说(输入input与吸收intake受到动力motivat ion、性格personality、情感状态affective state)(5)Natural OrderHypothesis自然顺序假说(可以不按任何语法顺序来教学)第二章英语语言运用能力一、教学中得非语言交际1、非语言手段P118environment language环境语(座位安排、时间信息、室内标示装饰、声音灯光等)object language客体语(个人,衣着化妆、个人用品等)2、非语言行为body language体态语(身姿、手势、表情、目光)paralanguage 副语言(声音音质、音量、语调、语速)第三章英语国家得语言、历史与文学三、语言、文化与社会1、局部结构P131毗邻对(adjacency pairs) 一轮对话(1)毗邻对得条件相关性(conditional relevance)preferred second part/preference structure 优选结构Hidispreferred second part/dispreferencestructure非优选结构relevant absence 相关缺失(2)毗邻对得扩展basepairs 根毗邻对(被其她会话扩展之前得毗邻对)前扩展,指前序列(pre-sequences),包括邀请、请求、结束、宣告中扩展,包括插入序列(insertionsequences)与旁侧序列(side sequences)后扩展,指后序列(post sequences),包括会话修正与主体化2、会话修正会话修正机制三个部分:修正源(trouble source)、修正得发起(repairinitiation)、修正(repair)lexical词汇启动(no,sorry,let me see,youknow)non-lexical 非词汇启动(um、、,uh、、)四、语言与文字1、小说语言P134(1)小说与视角first-person narrator 第一人称叙述者(I)third-person narrator第三人称叙述者(he,she,it,they)(2)语言表达与思想表达direct speech直接言语(“F**kyou”)indirect speech间接言语(he said/asked)free indirectspeech 自由间接言语第二部分语言教学知识与能力第一章初中英语课程标准一、初中英语课程基础知识1、英语课程得性质P149The nature ofEnglish Curriculum is instrumentality/tooland humanit y、(工具性与人文性)Students’ overall development isthemotivation and goal of theEnglis hcurriculum、2、英语课程得设计思路Thedesign of the newNational EnglishCurriculum unifies both primary and secondaryschool English into one continuumof development an ddivides English language teaching and learninginto nine petence-based levels by adopting theinternational generalclassification method、Level 5is therequiredstandard for the endof juniormiddle school、Level 2-—primary school二、英语课程得分级标准P1541、语言技能(Language Skills)Overall performanceobjectivesfor each level are givenin additiontodetailed descriptionsofabilities regarding language knowledge, language skills,affect,learningstrategiesas wellas cult uralawarenessfor relevantlevels、2、语言知识(Language Knowledge)(语音、词汇、语法、功能与话题)Students are required tolearn consistsof phonetics,vocabulary, grammar,function andtheme、3、情感态度(Affect)(兴趣、动机、自信、意志与合作精神;祖国意识与国际视野)interest,motivation,confidence, willand cooperation; Nationalconsciousness and international vision、4、学习策略(Learning Strategies)(认知、调控、交际、资源)Learning strategies can be classified into fourgroups: cognitivestra tegy,regulativestrategy, municativestrategy and resourcingstrategy、5、文化意识(Cultural Awareness/Understanding)(历史地理、风土人情、传统习俗、生活方式、行为规范、文学艺术、价值观念)Historicalgeography, localcustoms,traditional customs,lifestyle,normsof behavior,literature andart, values、三、英语课程得实施建议P1611、教学建议(1)面向全体学生,为每个学生学习英语奠定基础(2)注意语言实践,培养学生得语言运用能力(3)加强学习策略指导,培养学生自主学习能力(4)培养学生得跨文化交际意识,发展跨文化交际能力(5)结合实际教学需要,创造性地使用教材(6)合理利用各种教学资源,提高学生得学习效率(7)组织生动活泼得课外活动,拓展学生得学习渠道(8)不断提高专业水平,努力适应课程要求第二章初中英语教学基本理论一、语言观(Viewsof Language) P1731、语言得概念Language isasystem ofarbitraryvocal symbols usedfor human munication、2、语言得本质特征/设计特性(designfeatures)(1)arbitrariness 任意性(体现了convention规约性)(2)duality二重性(basic level,higherlevel基层与高层)(3)creativity创造性/productivity能产性(4)displacement 移位性(赋予generalizations,abstractions概括与抽象) (5)cultural transmission 文化传习性3、语言得功能(Functionsof Language)(1)informative function信息功能(2)interpersonalfunction人际功能(3)performative function施为功能(4)emotivefunction情绪功能(5)phatic function寒暄功能(6)recreationalfunction娱乐功能(7)metalingualfunction元语言功能4、语言学角度得语言观(1)TheStructuralView of Language 结构语言观the structural view sees language as a linguistic system made upofvarioussubsystems:phonology,morphology, lexicologyandsy ntax、(2)The Function View ofLanguage 功能语言观the function view sees language not only asa linguistic system but alsoas a meansfor doing things、(3)The Interactional Viewof Language交互语言观(interaction, dynamics交互性与动态)the interactionalview of language considers language as amunicative tool,whose mainuseis to build up and maintain social relatio nsbetween people、二、语言学习观(Viewsof Language Learning) P1761、语言学习理论(1)BehavioristLearning Theory行为主义学习理论Behaviorism isan approach to psychology that arouses out of theideas that attempted to explain all learning interms of some form of conditioning (stimulus,response, and reinforcement)(2)Cognitive LearningTheory认知主义学习理论Cognitive theorythinks that“languageis a intricate rule—based sy stem and with a knowledgeof thefiniterules(language petence), infinite sentences canbe produced”、(3)ConstructivistLearning Theory构建主义学习理论The constructivist theory believes that learningis a processin whi ch the learnerconstructs meaning basedon his ownexperiencesand what healreadyknows、最近发展区理论Zone of ProximalDevelopment三、语言教学观(Views ofLanguage Teaching)P1781、语言教学理论(结构主义教学理论、认知主义教学理论、社会语言学理论)四、外语教学法得主要流派1、grammar-translation method语法翻译法2、audio-lingualmethod听说法(patterndrill 句型操练、contrastivean alysis对比分析法)3、totalphysicalresponse 全身反应教学法P1814、cognitive approach认知教学法(提高accuracy, appropriateness得体性)5、municate approach交际法(包含function,notion功能与意念) P183(1)交际能力(municative petence)ﻩgrammatical petence语法能力、sociolinguistic 社会语言能力、discourse语篇能力、strategic 策略能力、linguistic语言能力、pragmatic语用能力、fluency流利性(2)3P教学模式:presentation--practice--production6、task—basedapproach任务型教学P184(1)real—world tasks /target tasks目标任务; pedagogicaltasks教学任务(2)任务得四个构成元素:objective、context、process、oute(3)information gap信息差/信息沟activities must have clear and attainable objectives、/should be confined to thecl assroom context、/should help develop students’languageability、(4)constructivism learning theory建构主义学习理论(强调scene,writing,conversation, andmeaning construction情景、写作、会话与意义建构)(5)任务型教学得三个环节:pre-task前任务、task-cycle任务环(task、planning、report)、languagefocus语言聚焦(analysis、practice)第三章初中英语语言知识教学一、语音教学P1921、语音教学得内容The realistic goal ofteaching pronunciation should be①consistency: the pronunciationshouldbesmoothandnatural、②intelligibility: the pronunciation should be understandable to the listeners、③municative efficiency: the pronunciationshouldhelp convey the meaning thatis intended by the speaker、2、Pronunciation knowledge teaching发音知识教学(monophonic,alphabet,phoneticsymbols单音、字母、音标)3、Flow oflanguage teaching语流教学(sounds, stress, rhythm,and intonation重音、节奏、语调)ﻩ4、The principleofphoneticteaching语音教学得原则(accuracy,long—term,integrity, munication,pertinence, interest准确性、长期性、整体性、交际性、针对性、趣味性原则)5、The teaching method of phonetics语音得教学方法P195(1)Soundperception听音感知练习方法:using minimal pairs最小对立体(live-—leave)、which order排序、same ordifferent 辨别异同、odd one out 同中选异、pletion 填空(2)Imitationandexplanation 模仿讲解personallydemonstration、imitate、practice亲自示范,反复模仿、练习(3)Pronunciationpractice发音练习练习方法:listenand repeat 听音模仿、fill in theblanks填空、using pictures 借助图片、usingmeaningfulcontext 借助情景make up sentences造句、using toguetwisters运用绕口令(4)语流教学(见上)慢动作(slowmotionspeaking)二、词汇教学P197 language teaching theories 理论构成:receptive/passive vocabulary 接受性/消极词汇与productive/产出性/积极词汇1、Learning content教学内容(1)word meaning 词汇得意义include learning form,meaning and use、Knowinga word means: knowingitspronunciation and stress/ it sspellingand grammatical properties/itsmeaning/ howand whento use it toexpress the intended meaning、词汇意义包括conceptual meaning 、associatedmeaning概念意义与关联意义概念意义:词典中意思,即literalmeaning/denotation 字面意思/词汇得外延、关联意义:文化含义与语境意义,又称connotation词汇得内涵(learn in the cont ext)(2)worduse词汇得用法包括:collocation/ phrases/idiom/ style/register 搭配、词组、习语、风格、语域(3)word information 词汇信息包括:part of speech/prefixes/ suffixes/ spelling/pronunciation/ grammar features 词类、前缀、后缀、拼写、发音、语法特征(4)word memorystrategies词汇记忆策略avoidrote-learning 避免死记硬背word-building构词法猜测词义2、Learning principle教学原则(1)音形义结合pronounce、spelling、meaning(2)词块整体教学lexicalchunks (knowledge of collocation搭配)(3)具体语境中教learninthe context(4)循序渐进step bystep(5)反复练习巩固记忆review(6)培养自学词汇能力deducethe meaning of words猜测词义3、Teachingmethod教学方法P200(1)呈现词汇:visual/physical demonstration 直观呈现Word-building构词法、synonym/antonym(opposites)同义反义词、翻译、举例、问答verbal context/ situation 结合语境/创设情境运用词汇学习策略,如chunks/reasoning/analog/ using dictionary归类/推理/类比/查字典(2)巩固词汇:labelling/ spot the difference/describe the draw/ play a game/ wordbingo/word association贴标签/找茬/描述绘画/玩游戏(宾果)/词汇联想三、语法教学P2011、Content 教学内容grammar语法具有Three dimensions三维性:form,meaning andusage形式、意义与用法semantic语义包括grammatical form/the grammatical meaning of thestruct ure/contents of meaning语法形式、结构得语法意义与内容意义task教学任务:语法rules规则得cognition/drill/application认知/操练/应用、the generation of grammar consciousness语法意识得生成2、Principle 教学原则(交际性/实践性、集中分散相结合、趣味性/通俗性)grammar teachingshould be:(1)collocational:the grammar should bebuilt on collocationalrelations between individual lexical itemsand theirsubcategories、(2)Constructive:one’s knowledge of grammar is built bit by bit,which clos ely model the way languageislearned and used、(3)Contextual:syntacticand lexical choicesare explicitlyrelated to pragmaticones,and to social andcultural contexts、(4)Contrastive:grammarinvolvesdrawing thelearner's attention tocontrast thedifferencesbetweenthetarget language and other l anguages,andbetween sets ofsimilarfeaturesand items of the target language、3、Method教学方法P202(1)deductive method演绎法(讲解规则,结合实例分析用法,句型练习)features:It savestime/paysmore attention toform/teaches grammar inadecontextualizedsituation脱离上下文(2)inductive method 归纳法(学生自行归纳语法规则)startwithexamplesandguides ss toworkout therules(3)guideddiscovery method 引导发现法(学生归纳总结语法规则,老师强化其形式意义)四、语篇教学P2041、概念与结构(1)Conception概念discoursepattern语篇可以就是dialogue、monologue对话、独白,包括written /spoken language 书面语、口语,form形式上就是cohesion衔接得,semantic语义上就是coherence连贯得(2)Tactic pattern结构模式语段/句群、句际关系(并列、顺序、层递、转折) (3)Cohesivedevice 衔接手段logicalconnectors逻辑纽带(firstly, thus, on theother hand,if not) grammatical connectors语法纽带(时态什么得)Lexicalconnectors词汇纽带(repetition重复、synonym/antonym(opposites)同义/反义词)Develop ss’ skill of recognizingdiscourse patterns训练方式:checking thelogic oftheauthor’s arguments、gettingthe scrambled sentencesintoa paragraph、(focusontextual coherence)markingoutmonopeners to stories andjokes、2、教学内涵Aims at developingss’ discourseawareness、(teacher asks ss toconcentrate on such features asstructure, coherenceand cohesionof a text)3、教学方法P207overall effectiveness整体性效能(用knowledge transfer知识迁移实现,重在cultivate application ability应用能力培养)、overall grasp ofthe discourse语篇得整体把握Teachinglanguageat thediscourse level:utterancefunction / expected response/ congratulation/ apology/ acceptance/ inform、第四章初中英语语言技能教学P212一、听力教学1、影响听力得主要因素(1)objective factor客观因素:typesof languageused 语言特征(语速/tone音调/pause停顿/liaison连读)、task orpurpose in listening听力任务、context in whichthe listening occurs文化背景知识(2)subjective factor主观因素:psychological心理因素、knowledgeskills知识技能因素、methods andtactics方法与策略因素2、听力教学得要领(1)合理选择听力material材料(authenticity真实性、intelligibility可理解性、diversity/variety多样性)(2)建立专门得听力trainingsystem训练体系(3)优化心理氛围,降低焦虑感(arouse interest调动兴趣、放松)(4)重视听得过程中得skill training技巧训练prediction预测、guess 猜测、coherent memory 连贯记忆(note—taking)、identifyingthe discourse markers辨认语段标记(5)科学设计听力练习3、听力训练得type类型P216(1)Focus listening精听(tonal discrimination辨音、gap filling填空、dictation听写)听写形式:dictogloss听释、fast-speech dictation快速听写、pauseandparaphrase听写大意、listening cloze 完形听写、error identification纠错听写、jigsaw identificatio n线索听写(2)Gist listening泛听( decideon the besttitle )(3)Free listening随意听4、听力教学model模式(1)Bottom—up model“自下而上”(强调languageknowledge语言知识)(2)Top-down model“自上而下”(侧重background information背景知识)5、听力教学得过程P218(1)Pre—listening tasks 听前环节(brainstorming/discuss a releva nt picture/writing question about thetopic/associating vocabularieswith the topic)(2)While—listening tasks听中环节(辨音、获取主要信息、预测、猜词悟义) (3)Post—listeningtasks听后环节(writing asimilartext作文、discussion讨论)二、口语教学P2191、Spoken language口语得特点(fragmentation结构不完整性、involvement人与场合紧密依存性)(1)语法特征:There arefourmon features ofspokenlanguage:Using less plex syntax、语法Taking shortcuts,e、g、inplete sentences、(and,or,but)Using fixed conventional phrases/chunks、俗语(fashionable word,two-partallegorical saying,colloquialism,slang,phrasal verbs 歇后语/口语词/俚语/短语动词)Usingdevices such as fillers,hesitation deviceto give time t othinkbefore speaking、结构特征:往往借助filler补白词(youknow, let me see,um)形象特征:说话人得表情、语气及态度等body language身体语言;音质/声调/重音/停顿(2)口语得交际特点“说"受语言rule规则支配/时间factor因素制约/对方response反应影响2、口语教学得要领(1)在听得基础上培养说得能力(使输入得信息量大于输出得信息量)(2)组织多样化得口语活动形式口语活动类型:pre—municative activities 前交际活动(操练/模仿/重复)与municative activities 交际活动(信息差活动/解决问题活动/讨论/辩论/采访/游戏)(3)正确处理准确与流利得关系Accuracy(identify particularphonemes on tape )Fluency(shouldn’t interrupt )(4)创造浓厚外语氛围,鼓励学生敢说乐说ﻩThecharacteristics ofa successful speakingtask:maximum foreigntalk/even participation/high motivation/right languagelevel(5)合理选择口语组织形式,增加学生开口得机会(小组形式/单双人活动)3、口语训练得方法imitativeness模仿性、monologue独白性、performing表演性得口语表达三、阅读教学P2231、外语阅读得type/form类型(1)根据阅读方式与技巧得不同划分Adaptivereading适应性阅读recognition--read--silent-reading认读--朗读—-默读Learning reading学习型阅读plainsubstance主旨浅显information信息量大,强调阅读速度prehension理解性阅读realmaterial材料真实、wide theme题材广泛、various types体裁多样,higher difficulty 难度较高(2)根据阅读方式与技巧得不同划分Skinning面式读法/略读(掌握全文大意或中心思想;报刊、新书)quickly get the gistScanning点式读法/寻读/跳读(查找具体信息;时间、人名、地点、数字)specific informationIntensive reading线式读法/精读(详细地阅读,深入分析、理解与记忆)read in detailExtensivereading纵式读法/泛读(广泛地阅读,阅读速度、快速理解能力、拓宽视野) facilitateprocess of accumulating vocabulary/ increasing target la nguageexpose/broadening scopeof vision(3)根据阅读理解得层次划分Literal prehension 字面理解(依靠语言知识/能力辨认词义与语法结构) language knowledge/petence identify meaning and grammatical structure Inferential/interpretive prehension 推断性理解(经历、直觉、逻辑判断理解未明示信息)experience/intuition/logicjudge and understand unexpressed informationEvaluative prehension评价性理解/应用性理解(理解文章信息得价值) valueAppreciativeprehension欣赏性理解(情感熏陶与思想启迪)Emotional influenceand thought enlightenment2、阅读教学得要领P226(1)合理选择阅读材料Languagedifficulties 难度(难于略高于学习者现有水平)higherthanpresent levelInterest 趣味性(充满可读性,激发求知欲与好奇心)readability、thirstfor knowledgeandcuriosityAuthenticity 真实性(英语本族语者撰写)writtenbynative English speakersprehensiveness 宽泛性(内容反映历史、人物、风土人情、文化习俗以及时尚流行,体裁与题材丰富多样)content varioustype or formsof literature and theme(2)建立分析性(精读)与综合性(泛读)相结合得阅读教学体系分析性阅读与综合性阅读教学得分工改进现行分析性阅读教学模式,落实阅读训练综合性阅读教学应正规化、课程化(3)重视阅读threeelements三要素得培养vocabulary词汇、prehend理解(topicsentence主题句)、speed速度(4)重视阅读过程中得技巧训练prediction预测、reading for specific抓中心思想、reading forspecific information获取特殊信息、inferring推理(readingbetween the lines)、identifying the discourse types确认语篇3、阅读教学得approach模式P229(1)The top-downmodel 自上而下模式为主(pre—readingactivities读前环节活动得开展)(2)Thebottom—up model自下而上模式为辅(小到大得语言文字单位,重视词汇教学)teaching a text byintroducing new vocabularies or structuresfollow the sequence ofteaching new words,sentencesandthenthe wholepassage(3)The interactive—pensatory approach交互补偿模式4、阅读教学得过程(1)Pre-reading tasks读前环节(背景知识、写作风格、西方风俗)predictingwhat a passage isabout/ creating a wordweb related to a t opic/ sharing what is already known about a topic(2)While—reading tasks读中环节(保障充足阅读时间、阅读技能训练)(3)Post-reading tasks 读后环节(思维与实践活动)四、写作教学P2311、写得教学要领(1)Motivatewritingmotivation 激发写作动机municative purpose; audience awareness交际目得读者意识(2)指导写作技巧:写得单项训练(结合语音教学)语篇写作技巧(design skills构思技巧;过程构思、文本构思;model essay范文就是有力工具)skillof planning:findingideasand put themin order(3)根据不同文体风格指导相应得写作策略Formal writing正式文体(第三人称)typical feature: the precisionoflanguage isa priority 语言精确优先well—organized structure 有序得结构wide rangeof vocabularyand structural patterns 有结构得模式technical termsand definitions 专用名词与定义Informal writing 非正式文体(一、二人称)typicalfeature: short and inplete sentences are mon多为短句、简单句(4)分阶段设计教学活动,训练写作技能Controlledwriting 控制性写作(gap filling/ transcribe/ sentencepattern transformation填空/抄写/句型转换)Guidedwriting 指导性写作(pletion/reproduction/pression/ transformation 续写/复写/缩写/转写)Free writing自由写作(5)写、correct/ amend改、evaluate评相结合2、写作教学得模式(1)Product-oriented approach注重结果(给题目-—写--改,注重语篇整体)(2)Content—oriented approach注重内容(收集材料-—组织文章--修改,写前准备)(3)Process-oriented approach注重过程(准备--写作--修改--再改,写作能力)what/howtowrite peer—editing3、写作教学得process过程(1)Pre—writing tasks写前环节得任务与活动(gatherand organize ideas 激发写作动机)The mainprocedures ofprocesswriting includecreating amotivation towrite,brainstorming,mapping,freewriting,outlining,drafting,editing,revising,proofreadingandconferencing、(2)While—writing tasks写中环节得任务与活动(organizewritten组织成文)drafting,peer-editing, revising(3)Post-writing tasks写后环节得任务与活动(mentsandfeedback点评与反馈)conferencing第三部分教学设计第一章教学设计skill技能一、教学设计概述P2411、概念:传统得instructional design教学设计即lessonplanning备课考虑“如何学”最核心得部分就是lessonplan 教案It's ateaching guide/ It takesinto accountsyllabus教学大纲and ss、/It describes inadvance提前what about howto teach、2、教学设计principle原则aims目标性原则variety多样性原则flexibility灵活性原则learnability可学性原则linkage衔接性选择feasibility 可行性原则3、教学设计得basic requirements基本要求Alanguage lesson planusually has thefollowingponents:backgroun dinformation,teaching aims,language contents and skills,stagesand procedures,teaching aids,assignments,andteacher’s after—lesson reflection、4、教学设计新concept理念(1)学生参与课堂设计得自主性(2)教学设计贯穿课堂教学得全过程(3)教学设计得确定性与不确定性相统一5、教学设计得pattern模式Analysis—-—-design———-evaluation分析—--—设计-—--评价分析:学习需求(学习objectives目标分析就是关键)、学习者、学习content内容设计:教学strategy策略、教学course过程(taskappearance—-preparation--acplishment--consolidation任务呈现-—任务准备-—任务完成-—语言巩固)、教学technique技术评价:教学target目标就是否达成就是评价教学设计有效性得关键反馈修正(feedback correction):教学评价能够提供大量得教学反馈信息6、英语教学设计得concreteform具体形式(1)表格式tableform分别陈述学生/教师活动,说明活动目得/意图,突出教学desi gn设计得理念(2)流程图式flowchartform 展示教学process过程(format格式不同) (3)叙述式narrative form二、学情分析P2481、学习者分析(1)认知特征(2)学习风格authority-orientedlearners崇尚权威型;analyticallearners 分析型;concrete learners具体型;municativelearners交际型(3)学习方式accepted接受性;experience 体验性;independent 自主性;Cooperation 合作性;exploration 探究性2、学习需求分析(1)learningneeds得内涵学习目前状态与期望状态之间得差距(2)学习需求分析得内容与方法data collection数据采集;analyze 分析三、教学内容分析P2511、教学内容得选择把握fundamentality基础性(vocabulary/syntacticstructure/ language petence/learning strategy/ culturalknowledge词汇/句法结构/语言能力/学习策略/文化知识)adaptation适应性(age/ cognitive characteristic 年龄/认知特点)high frequency高频性(frequently used经常使用得)enjoyment趣味性(激发学习兴趣,保证学习effectiveness 有效性)2、正确理解textbook教材(1)分析教材textbook evaluation provides authenticlanguage/ matc hesthe needs of learners/can help realize theobjectivesof a la nguageprogram(2)处理教材得方法(LARA法:leave-adapt-replace—add)(3)教材得使用:活化教材、挖掘资源、选准话题(探究性、开放性、生成性)When a teacher usingan ELT course book,heshould:select appropriatesupportingmaterials and resources、interpretcurriculum goalsanditsexpectations for the course、plan lessonsin relationto specificgoals,topics,texts,and tasks、3、Auxiliaryteaching materials辅助教学材料得screening筛选(1)教学材料筛选得原则:启发式、因材施教、动态生成、适时适度(2)教学材料筛选得策略:遵循理念、吃透教材、研究学生(3)辅助教学材料得分类:知识类、技能类、课外活动类、教学辅助类、自主学习类四、教学目标P2551、教学目标得陈述内容三个维度:knowledge objective/ability objective/emotion objective 知识与技能、过程与方法、情感态度与价值观2、教学目标得陈述要素以行为目标来陈述教学目标,包括四个要素:ABCD模式A-audience主体或听众(程度副词/百分比/范围副词)+主语(ss/learners)B—behavior行为listen,sing,imitate,recite,depict,recognize,apply,understand,know,master,enjoyC-conditions 条件after thisclass, under the guidance of the teacher,afterattending a lecture,with the help of substances, through imitation/repeatD—degree程度/标准clearly,fluently,correctly,efficiently, basically,preliminarily, smoothly,appropriately3、教学目标得陈述方式按照层级划分有三种goals,aims,objectives(coursegoals,teachingaims)(1)结果性目标(知识与技能)4、教学目标得陈述原则prehensive、suitable、specific、accurate全面、恰当(目标层次性/内容与已有知识一致性/教学活动连贯性)、具体、准确五、教学重难点P2591、教学重难点得meaning涵义(1)Teaching key/ Importantpoint教学重点称为subject学科教学得coreknowledge 核心知识(2)Teaching difficult point 教学难点(3)教学重难点得relation关系教学重点:stability、chronicity 稳定性、长期性教学难点:temporary、relativity 暂时性、相对性2、教学重难点得确定(1)深刻理解课程标准熟悉与贯彻执行课程标准得内容要求(2)深入研究教材教材就是教学得主要依据(3)了解学生得实际情况学生就是教学得对象/主体(4)善于总结经验虚心学习、不断提高自身教学素质与能力3、突出重点、突破难点得method方法metaphor description比喻说明法、list parison 列表对比法、exercise练习法、Multimedia assistedinstruction 多媒体辅助教学法、game activity游戏活动法六、教堂教学process过程设计P260教学过程(teaching procedure)实现教学、发展与教育三大功能1、课堂导入活动得设计Lead-in导入应达到“3A”得功效:arouse激励启发;advertise引起注意;advance 促进(1)课堂导入得方法复习导入法(新旧知识得联结点)、直观导入法(直观教具或多媒体手段)情境导入法(duty report/音乐/故事/游戏导入)、悬念导入法(呈现一系列问题)(2)注意事项导入时间不宜过长(5’/45’);符合教学目标/内容;从学生实际出发(年龄、性格、认知特征);方式新颖有创意2、语言学习与实践活动得设计(呈现、讲解、练习巩固与实践新语言知识)(1)呈现活动得设计(presentation)问题呈现、情景呈现、故事呈现(完整故事贯穿整个课堂教学)、直观呈现(简笔画/图片/模型/幻灯片/身势语)(2)练习与巩固活动得设计(practice and consolidate)机械性练习mechanical exercise 控制式得练习频率高无需过多思考,不超过8min,1~2项练习内容,学生个体/全班练习为主,立即纠错练习形式:模仿、跟读、重复、替换练习、简单回答活动半开放性练习semi-open practice 半控制式得意义性练习需要理解与思考,10min,3~4项,配对练习为主,相互更正,频率低练习形式:采访活动、重述故事、运用语言结构与已学知识进行对话练习(3)语言实践活动得设计(production)小组活动,规定活动主题,1~2个任务,10min,提醒学生注意人物身份与具体场合3、Reviewactivities学习评论活动得设计(1)形成性评价得设计评价标准设计结合具体情况分为几个阶段,诊断性/过程性/目标达成评价标准评价过程设计安排什么阶段开展评论,开展什么样得评论评价内容设计知识到理解、理解到应用、理解到分析与综合,最后再到评价教师要分解课堂教学得过程,根据教学过程得要求设计评价内容评价方式(活动)设计评价内容就是理解能力——选择、匹配、正误判断、排序、逻辑识别应用能力——提问、讨论、课件制作、演讲、表演参与度--问卷、量卷、反思性问题评价反馈设计定性得方式描述学生表现、定量得方式(数量方式呈现评价结果)反馈方式:即时反馈与延迟反馈、教师反馈与学生反馈(2)终结性评价得设计测试时最常用(人们最信赖)得终结性评价方式客观题得设计填空、匹配、图表填空主观题得设计简答题、论述题、写作需要明确得评分标准4、Summary课堂总结活动得设计整个教学过程得最后一个环节(1)课堂总结得作用对教学进行归纳梳理;促进学生掌握/记忆新知识;为进一步学习架桥梁,为复习提供依据(2)课堂总结得方式总结式运用准确精炼得语言对主要内容、知识结构、技能技巧进行总结还可采用:归纳演示、师生问答、列表瞧图、专项操练悬念式设计悬念(问问题),引发学生求知欲,对预习起到指导作用延伸式将简述内容有机地向外延伸(组织进一步活动)练习式普遍采用,练习题应针对性强、有代表性、难度与题量均适中探索式探讨难以理解得内容七、Board plan 教学板书得设计P2681、语言板书得要求语言准确,书写规范;层次分明,重点突出;精练简明,画龙点睛;速度适宜,适时呈现2、板书设计得布局正板书与副板书布局一般分为:中心板、两分板、三分板3、板书得形式(1)辅助板书得教学手段:stick figures 简笔画、diagram 图解(2)板书得类型:outline提纲式、pare 比较式、words andexpressions 词语式、creativity创意式、divergence 发散式、modules模块式第二章不同课程得教学设计一、Lesson type 英语课型概述P2761、英语课型得分类(1)从课得性质与任务划分新授课、巩固课、复习课、活动课(演讲、话剧表演) (2)从教学内容划分语音课、词汇课、语法课、听说课、阅读课与写作课。

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