海上风力发电现状Current status of offshore wind单元概要Module Overview海上风电的理由Justification for offshore wind项目现状Projects to date海上风电的经济效益Economics of offshore wind可利用的风机技术Turbine technology available面临的挑战Challenges ahead海上风电的重要性Why is Offshore Wind Important?需要可再生能源以满足国家和全球对气候变化、可持续性、清洁能源及多种能源供应的迫切要求Renewables required to meet national and international imperatives on climate change, sustainability, clean energy and diversity of supply许多可再生能源在经济上不成熟（例如太阳能、波浪、潮汐）Many renewables economically immature (e.g. PV solar, wave, tidal)陆上风电受到公众认可和土地使用的限制Onshore wind limited by public acceptance and land-take动力Motivations减少碳排放量C a r b o n a b a t e m e n t 能源供应安全S e c u r i t y o f s u p p l y 民族产业N a t i o n a l i n d u s t r y 国际协议I n t e r n a t i o n a l a g r e e m e n t s 其它低成本可再生能源有限C h e a p e r a l t e r n a t i v e s l i m i t e d 大规模可再生能源R e n e w a b l e s a t u t i l i t y s c a l e 促进环保宣传C a t a l y s t f o r e n v i r o n m e n t a l a w a r e n e s s发展状况：2000年装机容量32MW Status：2000 32 MW发展状况：2001年装机容量86MW Status：2001 86 MW发展状况：2002年装机容量95.8MW Status 2002 95.8 MW发展状况：2003年装机容量256MW Status：2003 256 MW发展状况：2004年装机容量556MW Status 2004 556MW发展状况：2005年装机容量615MW Status 2005 615MW发展状况：2006年装机容量704MW Status 2006 704MW发展状况：2007年8月装机容量902MW Status Aug 2007 902MW现状Current status正在建设之中的项目:Lillgrund (Sw) under construction, to be commissioned 2007, 110MW Q7 (NL) under construction, to be commissioned 2008, 120MW Robin Rigg (UK) under construction, to be commissioned 2008, 180MW开始建设的项目：Projects (probably) about to commence construction:•Gunfleet (UK), 108MW •C-Power (Be), 60MW •Rhyl Flats (UK), 90MW •Horns Rev 2 (DK), 200MW•Borkum West Testsite (Alpha Ventus) (D), 60MW •Thanet (UK), 300MW•Greater Gabbard (UK), 500MW承包商的信心正在慢慢地建立Contractor confidence slowly building 银行筹资开始起作用Bank finance now playing a roleYear end 1100MWEnd 2008, 1400MWDoubling by end 2010未来的市场行情Future Markets (3)•德国海上风电项目：Offshore Wind Projects -Germany:¾运行中Operational~ 0 projects~ 0 MW¾建设后期Advanced Development29 projects~ 8,500 MW ¾建设前期Pre-construction (with all consents) 4 projects~ 900 MW•丹麦海上风电项目：Offshore Wind Projects -Denmark:¾运行中Operational 6 projects416 MW ¾建设后期Advanced Development 6 projects~ 1,300 MW ¾建设前期Pre-construction (with all consents)0 projects0 MW•英国海上风电项目：Offshore Wind Projects selected for the UK:¾运行中Operational 4 projects300 MW ¾建设后期Advanced Development20 projects~ 5,500 MW ¾建设前期Pre-construction (with all consents)11 projects~ 2,700 MW海上风电资金成本Offshore Wind Capital costs0.00.51.01.52.02.51990199219941996199820002002200420062008C a p i t a l c o s t [£m /M W ]海上风电资金成本Offshore Wind Capital Costs••BoP costs scale strongly with distance from coast, water depth and installation market风能成本Cost of energy（海上）风能总体经济效益走势Overall economic context of (offshore) wind energy过去Past现在Now将来FutureGE 3.6 MWVestas V90 3MWREpower 5MWSiemens 3.6 MWImage courtesy of Vestas Wind Systems A/SImage courtesy of GE Wind EnergyEnercon E-126 6MWMultibrid M5000Image courtesy of Siemens AGImage courtesy of REpower Systems AGImage courtesy of Multibrid Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbHImage courtesy of Enercon GmbH当前风机的选择Current turbine options当前风机的选择Current turbine optionsChallenges ahead政策Policy•政府持续稳定的高度支持是关键Consistent and continued high level government support essential技术Technical•尽快找到能有效改善经济性的方案Solutions which can safely improve economics must now evolve•即需要逐步创新，也需要大步跨越Incremental innovation needed, but also disruptive steps环境/社会Environmental / social•继续监视对环境/社会真实和准确的影响Continued monitoring of real and perceived impacts•政府的早期战略性的工作具有很大价值（例如石油,煤气和丹麦的风能利用）Strategic early work by government (as in oil & gas, and Danish wind) very valuable•行业内及政府和产业间的分工Role for shared working within industry and between government and industry 能源市场Energy market•补助支持仍是必要的Premium support still needed•需要良好的市场机制以维持健康长久的产业Good market mechanisms required for healthy long-term industry•理想–一致可靠并且向各种业主开放Ideally -consistent reliable and open to diversity of ownershipChallenges ahead融资及合同Financing and contracts•为了让新的资金提供商更容易进入市场，需要尽快提高经济效益和改善风险管理Improved economics and improved risk management now needed to ease entry of new capital providers •改变了在合同中的作用-和能力Changed contractual roles –and capability法律和行政Legal & administrative•SEA过程通常是有益的SEA process generally beneficial•工业界期望精简的审批过程Industry expects streamlined consenting process•需要统一的和完善的租借和审批过程Consistent and robust leasing and consenting processes needed并网连接Network integration•需要进一步开发电网相容技术Technical development needed on grid compliance•有些未来项目依赖于基本电网的延长–需要政府投资Extension of the network infrastructure will be essential for some future projects -state intervention needed单元概要Module Overview海上风力发电的理由Justification for offshore wind项目现状Projects to date海上风力发电经济效益Economics of offshore wind可利用的风机技术Turbine technology available面临的挑战Challenges ahead。