阅读知识点四大明显设题原则一、语言简化语言简化是命题专家设置题干与四个选项时所必须遵守的一条重要原则。

一般来说，一道题的四个选项不仅长度差不多，用词水平和语法难度也都差不多。

此外，答案的文字难度一般低于文章本身，这也是对考生非常有利的一点，有时候甚至还可以通过选项中的答案来帮助理解原文。

这是一个普遍的原则，现举例如下：【例1】Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children — though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black solders during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.40. Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.【解析】文中最后一段的“Washington, ...observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, ...grant his slaves their freedom in his will”明确指出华盛顿给奴隶自由的原因是他们在战争中的勇敢行为，[B]“军事经历”是对其高度地概括。

二、关键词替换关键词替换是命题专家使用频率最高的原则。

命题专家设置题目以及正确选项时一般都会用同义词或者近义词替代原文某个关键词。

命题者有时候还会以和原文意思相同但是遣词造句不同的方式来设计正确答案，即用不同的话把原文的某个句子复述一遍，而错误答案反而往往看上去会与原文差不多，这个时候考生需要仔细阅读加以区别。

【例2】Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real cons traints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William 33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] Non-Americans add to the average heightof the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the uprightposture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in theworld.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller inLeonard of Northwestern University. adulthood.【解析】文中第四段第三句的言外之意是，人类身高有其极限，而这个身高极限与直立行走的姿势有关。

选项[B]中的conditioned是对原文中struggle with的同义转换。

三、正话反说即原文中用肯定方式所表述的内容，命题者在设定选项时用否定的方式（如双重否定句，或者一个否定形式加上另一个否定词如never, none等）来进行同义转换。

【例3】Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college, “I struggled a lot to get the college degree, I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”24. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 5, Para.5) shows that[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but makingmoney.[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered herhousehold expenses.[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D] Alvarez paid practically everything bycheck.【解析】从文中也可以看出，作为一个单身母亲，阿尔瓦雷兹面临很大的生存压力，要应付诸多的日常开支，这与[B]“她的薪水几乎不能满足日常生活开销”相吻合。

即原文中用肯定方式所表述的内容，设定选项用的是否定方式，也就是正话反说。

四、反话正说与正话反说正好相反，原文中用否定方式表述的内容，命题者在设定选项时用肯定的方式把同样的意思再表达一遍。

【例4】How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride．54. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the.[A] turning of the business cycle[B] restructuring of industry[C] improved business management[D] success in education【解析】第四段第二句指出，没有几个美国人将此仅仅归因于美元贬值或商业周期变化这样显而易见的原因。

既然是显而易见，那么“美元贬值或商业周期变化”也应该是作者认同的原因，即[A]。

原文用表示否定的词语“few”进行表述，而选项则用了肯定方式表达了同一意思。

阅读练习：Passage OneIn recent years，Israeli consumers have grown more demanding as they’ve become wealthier and more worldly-wise. Foreign travel is a national passion；this summer alone，one in 10 citizens will go abroad. Exposed to higher standards of service elsewhere，Israelis are returning home expecting the same. American firms have also begun arriving in large numbers. Chains such as KFC，McDonald’s and Pizza Hut are setting a new standard of customer service，using strict employee training and constant monitoring to ensure the friendliness of frontline staff. Even the American habit of telling departing customers to“Have a nice day”has caught on all over Israel.“Nobody wakes up in the morning and says，Let’s be nicer，”says Itsik Cohen，director of a consulting firm.“Nothing ha ppens without competition.”Privatization，or the threat of it，is a motivation as well. Monopolies（垄断者）that until recently have been free to take their customers for granted now fear what Michael Perry，a marketing professor，calls“the revengeful（报复的）consumer”. When the government opened up competition with Bezaq，the phone company，its international branch lost 40% of its market share，even while offering competitive rates. Says Perry，“People wanted revenge for all the years of bad service.”The electric company，whose monopoly may be short-lived，has suddenly stopped requiring users to wait half a day for a repairman. Now，appointments are scheduled to the half-hour. The graceless El Al Airlines，which is already at auction（拍卖），has retrained its employees to emphasize service and is boasting about the results in an ad campaign with the slogan，“You can feel the change in the air.”For the first time，praise outnumbers complaints on customer survey sheets.1. It may be inferred from the passage that .A. customer service in Israel is now improvingB. wealthy Israeli customers are hard to pleaseC. the tourist industry has brought chain stores to IsraelD. Israeli customers prefer foreign products to domestic ones2. In the author’s view，higher service standards are impossible in Israel .A. if customer complaints go unnoticed by the managementB. unless foreign companies are introduced in greater numbersC. if there’s no competition among companiesD. without strict routine training of employees3. If someone in Israel today needs a repairman in case of a power failure，.A. they can have it fixed in no timeB. it’s no longer necessary to make an appointmentC. the appointment takes only half a day to makeD. they only have to wait half an hour at most4. The example of El Al Airlines shows that .A. revengeful customers are a threat to the monopoly of enterprisesB. an ad campaign is a way out for enterprises in financial difficultyC. a good slogan has great potential for improving serviceD. staff retraining is essential for better service5. Why did Bezaq’s international branch lose 40% of its market share？A. Because the rates it offered were not competitive enough.B. Because customers were dissatisfied with its past service.C. Because the service offered by its competitors was far better.D. Because it no longer received any support from the government.Passage TwoWe can see how the product life cycle works by looking at the introduction of instant coffee. When it was introduced，most people did not like it as well as“regular”coffee and it took several years to gain general acceptance（introduction stage）. At one point，though，instant coffee grew rapidly in popularity and many brands were introduced（stage of rapid growth）. After a while people became attached to one brand and sales leveled off（stage of maturity）. Sales went into a slight decline（衰退）when freeze-dried coffees were introduced（stage of decline）.The importance of the product life cycle to marketers is this：Different stages in the product life cycle call for different strategies. The goal is to extend product life so that sales and profits do not decline. One strategy is called market modification. It means that marketing managers look for new users and market sections. Did you know，for example，that the backpacks that so many students carry today were originally designed for the military？Market modification also means searching for increased usage among present customers or going for a different market，such as senior citizens. A marketer may reposition the product to appeal to new market sections.Another product extension strategy is called product modification. It involves changing product quality，features，or style to attract new users or more usage from present users. Americanauto manufacturers are using quality improvement as one way to recapture world markets. Note，also，how auto manufacturers once changed styles dramatically from year to year to keep demand from falling.6. According to the passage，when people grow fond of one particular brand of a product，its sales will .A. decrease graduallyB. improve enormouslyC. become unstableD. remain at the same level7. The first paragraph tells us that a new product is .A. usually introduced to satisfy different tastesB. often inferior to old ones at firstC. often more expensive than old onesD. not easily accepted by the public8. Marketers need to know which of the four stages a product is in so as to .A. work out marketing policiesB. promote its productionC. increase its popularityD. speed up its life cycle9. The author mentions the example of“backpacks”（Line 4，Para.2 ）to show the importance of .A. increasing usage among studentsB. exploring new market sectionsC. pleasing the young as well as the oldD. serving both military and civil needs10. In order to recover their share of the world market，U.S. auto makers are .A. improving product quality C. repositioning their product in the marketB. modernizing product style D. increasing product featuresPassage ThreePractically every serious study of Western history and the roots of the modern Western world starts with or very quickly focuses on the ancient Greeks and their achievements. Everything Western is not rightfully traced back to the Greeks. Christianity，though influenced by the great Greek thinker Plato and the Romans，is essentially near Eastern in spirit and content. Our Western legal system is probably more influenced by the Romans；and our prose literature comes from traditions that evolved well after the heyday of Greek civilization. Still，our poetry is inspired by ancient Greek poetry and virtually every ideal（traditional or modern）unique to the West is derived from the ancient Greeks—particularly ancient Athens.Greek civilization came to be founded，in large part，on the ideals of freedom，optimism，secularism，rationalism，the glorification of both body and mind，and a high regard for the dignity and worth of the individual.Though the ancient Greeks had a great deal of respect for their“gods”，they did not feel they were the slaves of the“gods”or that the“gods”were in control of their lives. Instead，the Greeks came to believe that the thoughts and actions of mankind were determined by human beings. That being the case，the Greeks strove to understand the world and to guide their future by rational and logical thoughts，not by superstitions or emotions. They believed that man was the greatest of creatures on earth and that both the body and the mind should be actively developed and encouraged to grow and become as strong as possible. Finally，the ancient Greeks felt that each separate and different person deserved to be treated fairly and justly. They believed that each person had his own dignity and worthiness that could never be taken away and should never be attacked，assaulted，suppressed，denied，or ignored by anyone else—even the highest of Kings or the most powerful of people.Their culture was the first in the history of the West to be based upon the primacy of the intellect. They were the first to believe firmly in the supremacy of free inquiry. They investigated any and all subjects without fear and considered no issue or problem beyond the scope of man’s reason and thought. To them the mind was supreme over faith or dogma and logic，and science was superior to superstition.11. The main idea of this passage would be .A. certain ancient Greeks who contributed to the development of Western cultureB. particular individuals among the ancient Greeks who produced peerless intellectual and aesthetic achievementsC. golden heritage of the ancient Greek civilizationD. models of perfection for the culture of the West12. It can be inferred from the passage that the ancient Greeks were .A. under the sway of mysticismB. at the mercy of their passionsC. primarily concerned with human interests and valuesD. given to a trust in the power of magical forces13. The word“strove”in paragraph 3，sentence 3 is closest in meaning to .A. studiedB. learnedC. believedD. endeavored14. The wor d“dogma”at the end of the passage is closest in meaning to .A. tenetB. tenureC. tenantD. taint15. It can be inferred from the passage that the ancient Greek civilization .A. inspired the Western prose literatureB. was the source from which mythology evolvedC. was the origin to which everything western is justifiably traced backD. still serves as models of perfection for the culture of the WestPassage FourBotany，the study of plants，occupies a peculiar position in the history of human knowledge. For many thousands of years it was the one field of awareness about which humans had anything more than the vaguest of insights. It is impossible to know today just what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants，but from what we can observe of preindustrial societies that still exist，a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient. This is logical. Plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all living things，even for other plants. They have always been enormously important to the welfare of people，not only for food，but also for clothing，weapons，tools，dyes，medicines，shelter，and a great many other purposes. Tribes living today in the jungles of the Amazon recognize literally hundreds of plants and know many properties of each. To them botany，as such，has no name and is probably not even recognized as a special branch of knowledge at all.Unfortunately，the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct contact with plants，and the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows. Yet everyone comes unconsciously on amazing amount of botanical knowledge，and few people will fail to recognize a rose，an apple，or an orchid. When our Neolithic ancestors，living in the Middle East about 10，000 years ago，discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds planted for richer yields the next season，the first step in a new association of plants and humans was taken. Grains were discovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture；cultivated crops. From then on，humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants，rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild—and the accumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild would begin to fade away.16. Which of the following assumptions about early humans is expressed in the passage？A. They divided knowledge into several fields.B. They probably had extensive knowledge of plants.C. They knew little about the environment they were living in.D. They invented the term“botany”but had no idea of what it was about.17. The phrase“properties of each”in paragraph 1 refers to the properties of .A. each tribeB. each jungleC. each plantD. each purpose18. The author mentions“a rose，an apple，or an orchid”in paragraph 2 to .A. make the passage more poeticB. test the reader’s knowledgeC. illustrate the diversity of botanical lifeD. give botanical examples that most readers will recognize19. According to the passage，why has general knowledge of botany declined？A. Industrialization has spoiled the natural environment.B. Botany is no longer regarded as a special branch of science.C. Research is unable to keep up with the increasing number of plants.D. Direct contact with a variety of plants has decreased.20. According to the passage，what was the first great step taken toward agriculture？A. The invention of agricultural machinery.B. The production of a controlled number of plants.C. The discovery of certain grasses that could be harvested and replanted.D. The close relationship between human beings and plants.Passage FiveThe immune system is the body’s defender. It identifies，tracks down，and destroys troublemakers before they can hurt the body. Those troublemakers maybe，for example，bacteria from a cut or splinter，a measles germ，a cold bug，or even a cancer cell.These invaders try to take over our tissues and feed off our bodies’nutrients. If they succeed，we become sick or，sometimes，even die. It’s the job of our immune systems to destroy theseinvaders before they destroy us.Say you picked up a flu virus last week. Perhaps it entered your body through a cut，from a drinking glass，or from the air you breathe. Of course，you didn’t feel it，but the virus made its way into your bloodstream. As soon as it entered your body，it began to reproduce. Viruses have only one goal：to take over your cells. Once inside your body，viruses try to enter cells and disrupt their normal work. If left alone，these viruses would hurt so many cells that you would weaken，or worse，get a serious disease.But this flu virus should not be so complacent as it seems to be. As it reproduces in your bloodstream，the virus is met by a certain kind of white blood cell，the lymphocytes. The lymphocytes are the foot soldiers that keep you alive.The number of lymphocytes in your body is hard to imagine. Thousands of them could fit in the period at the end of this sentence. Your body holds about a trillion—that’s 1，000，000，000，000 of them，or about 3，000 in every drop of blood. Since you began reading this sentence，over 800，000 of them have been created and destroyed.Some of these lymphocytes pass through a small walnut-sized organ called the thymus. The thymus is the base of the neck. Here，special hormones turn lymphocytes into fighting cells，called T cells.T cells have one terrific talent：they can tell the difference between friend and foe；what should be in our bodies and what shouldn’t. They do not affect the body’s healthy cells. Yet they attack everything that is foreign to our bodies，such germs，transplants，and even our own cells which have become abnormal，as in the case of cancer.21. What is the function of our immune system？A. To take over our tissues and feed off our bodies’nutrients.B. To prevent bacteria or germs from entering the body.C. To destroy the troublemakers in order that they might not hurt the body.D. To fight against T cells.22. What does the word“lymphocytes”in Para.4 mean？A. Foot soldiers.B. Flu virus.C. White blood cells.D. Trouble makers.23. The last sentence in Para.5“Since you began reading this sentence，over 800，000 of them have been created and destroyed”implies that .A. this sentence contributes to the increase of the number of lymphocytes in your bodyB. you would not realize that lymphocytes reproduce themselves rapidly but for this sentenceC. because you read this sentence，a large number of lymphocytes have been consumedD. the number of lymphocytes in your body is extremely large24. Which of the following questions can NOT be detected by T cells？A. Thymus.B. Transplants.C. Cancer cells.D. Healthy cells.25. Which of the following questions best summaries the main idea of the whole passage？A. How does the immune system attack the flu virus？B. How does the immune system function in our body？C. How do the lymphocytes work in our body？D. What is the so-called immune system？1-5 ACDAB 6-10 DDABA 11-15 CCDAD 16-20 BCDDC 21-25 CCDAB阅读真题（09）Reading Comprehension (45minutes, 30points)Directions: There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneThe other day my son asked me if he could ride up to his elementary school on his bike and meet his friend. He wanted the both of them to ride back to our house so they could play video games and jump on the trampoline. I have to admit, part of me wanted to say no. We can go pick him up or his parents can bring him over here, I thought. But my son is eleven years old now. And after all, I do let him ride his bike to school. But I also drive my daughter to school and I can see him on the way, making sure he is getting there safely.My husband thinks I am too over protective. I don’t care to let my children walk anywhere without one of us going along. As you pull out of our neighborhood, there is a shopping center across the street. My son always asks if he can ride his bike or walk over to the drugstore by himself. But crossing that street is just too dangerous. The cars fly around the corner like they’re driving in a car race. What if he gets hit? What is some teenage bullies are hanging out in the parking lot?I want so much to give my children the freedom that I enjoyed having when I was growing up but I hesitate to do so because there are dangers around every corner. Too many kidnaps, toomany sex offenders. I went online and discovered there are 41 sex offenders in my area alone.I honestly don’t think m y mom worried about such things when her children were young.Growing up in the 1970s was indeed a different time. I never wore a helmet when I rode a bike. We were all over the neighborhood, on our bikes and on foot, coming home for dinner and then ba ck out again until dark. We rode in the back of the truck, didn’t wear seatbelts. I walked to and from school every day…31. What did the author feel reluctant to let her son do?A. Meet his friend.B. Play video games.C. Jump on the trampoline.D. Ride his bike on streets.32. What does the author mean when she says “But my son is eleven years old now”?A. He is old enough to be given some freedom now.B. He is a bit too young to go out alone.C. He has reached the legal age for ridding a bike.D. He can’t protect himself from road hazards.33. Given her husband’s attitude towards bringing up kids, he would most probably _____.A. drive his son to school to ensure safety.B. follow his son all the way to school and backC. give his son more freedom in deciding what to doD. ask the other boy’s parents to bring him over here34. Which of the following is NOT considered by the author as a potential threat to kids?A. Teenage bullies.B. The drugstore.C. Child abusers.D. Cars racing by.35. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A. The social security back in the 1970s was no better than it is today.B. Today’s children are more obedient to their parents.C. Children today are more obedient to their parents.D. Children in the 1970s enjoyed more freedom than those today.36. What is the author’s main purpose in writing this passage?A. To compare today’s social environment with that of the 1970s.B. To show her concern over the increasing crime rate in her neighborhood.C. To describe her hesitation as to how much freedom she should give her son.D. To express her worries about both safety and security in her area.Passage TwoAbout a century ago more people would not have appreciated the study of a foreign language as they do today. Gone are those days when patriotism towards one’s own language was a major obstacle to learning foreign languages, a time when most nations were trying to throw their alien rulers out of their countries in their freedom struggles.Gone are those days when people were proud of their mother or father tongues and considered that their native languages alone will suffice the need to survive. Language skills today have become as important as other business and career skills like IT, vocational or professional skills. Thus learning a foreign language today has become essential for an individual whether it is for careers, growing a business, or even to make an impression.All that one needs to possess these days is a drive to learn a foreign language and there are all kinds of institutes and courses that teach various foreign languages like French, German, Spanish, and Japanese. Today’s world economy has bridged the barriers of race, sex, color and religion and the wor ld had become a smaller place. Today’s businesses also demand language skills to expand and grow in other countries. Tens and hundreds of businesses world wide are expanding and growing their business by promoting them in countries other than their countries of origin. The tremendous growth of the Internet has further increased the demand for language skills. In Canada an official rule also says that all commercial establishments must have their websites created both in English and French, the official languages of the country.Language can also ease race and border barriers. You are more welcome in an alien nation if you know the language of the people there and can converse in their tongue. People in these countries immediately respect you and think you care about their culture as much as they do because in any culture language is the key identity.37. One of the reasons for not studying a foreign language in the past is _____.A. it was too difficultB. it was not allowedC. it was seen as disloyaltyD. it was taught by foreign rulers38. According to the article, which of the following is true?A. People’s language skills are better than in the past.B. Foreign language skills are of vital importance.C. It’s easier nowadays to learn a foreign language.D. People today are not proud of their native language.39. What does “to make an impression” (Paragraph 1) probably mean?A. To remember things.B. To express ideas.C. To show respect.D. To be liked by others.40. The world has become smaller because of _____.A. business expansionB. the growth of the InternetC. a globalized economyD. the learning of foreign languages41. According to the article, the growth of the Internet requires_____.A. more foreign language skillsB. more bilingual websitesC. better command of EnglishD. more commercial establishments42. People in a foreign country will treat you with more respect if you speak their language because _____.A. they think you love their countryB. they think you understand their cultureC. it’s easier for them to communicate with youD. they believe you are a good language learnerPassage ThreeYou may have wondered why the supermarkets are all the same. It is not because the companies that them lack imagination. It is because they all aim at persuading people to buy things.In the supermarket, it takes a while for the mind to get into a shopping mode. This is why the area immediately inside the entrance is known as the “decompression zone”. People need to slow down and look around, even if they are regulars. In sales terms this area is a bit of a loss, so it tends to be used more for promotion.Immediately inside the first thing shoppers may come to is the fresh fruit and vegetables section. For shoppers, this makes no sense. Fruit and Vegetables can be easily damaged, so they should be bought at the end, not the beginning, of a shopping trip. But what is at work here? It turns out that selecting good fresh food is a way to start shopping, and it makes people feel less。