Anat100_Week 1Section 1: the importance of anatomy∙ 4 areas of anatomy1)histology2)gross anatomy3)neuroanatomy4)embryology∙fun facts1)the smallest bone and muscle are found in your middle ear2)the average human brain weights 3 pounds, a similar weight to the liver3)the stomach of human adult can expand up to 4 times its size, holding nearly 2L4)from one end to the other, the human digestive tract measures over 29 feet long5)your heart is roughly the size of your fist6)human can live with one lung (given limitations to physical activity)Section 2: organization of the human body and anatomical nomenclature∙Microscopic & Macroscopic:︒Chemical levelA molecule is a group of atoms bonded together︒Cellular levelCells are the smallest living structure and are formed from atoms and molecules ︒Tissue levelTissues are similar cells that perform specialized functions︒Organ levelOrgans are two or more tissues that work together to perform complex functions ︒Organ system levelThe organ system level consists of related organs that work together to coordinateactivities and achieve a common function.︒Organismal levelAll body systems function interdependently in a single living human∙Body divisions︒Axial:The axial forms the main vertical axis of the body, and includes the head, neck, andtrunk. (body structures along the midline)︒Appendicular:The appendicular regions include the limbs or appendages that attach to the axis.(further way from the midline of the body∙Organ systems1)Integumentary（皮肤）Skin, hair, nail, sense receptors, sweat gland2)Skeletal system（骨骼）Bones, joints3)Muscular system（肌肉）Muscles4)Nervous system（神经）Brain, spinal cord, nerves5)Endocrine system（内分泌）Pituitary gland, hypothalamus, thyroid gland, parathyroid, thymus, adrenals,pancreas (islet tissue)6)Digestive system（消化）Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, small intestine, Large intestine, rectum,anal canal, accessory digestive organs7)Respiratory system（呼吸）Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs8)Cardiovascular system（心血管）Blood, heart, blood vessels9)Lymphatic system（淋巴）Lymph nodes, Lymph vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils10)Urinary system（泌尿）Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra11)Reproductive system（生殖）Gonads, genital ducts, accessory organs, genitalia∙Body cavity∙Anatomy position:- standing upright- feet parallel and on the floor- head level and looking forward- arms side of body- palms facing forwards and thumbs pointing away from body∙Directional terms︒Superior (cranial) -- Above or over︒Inferior (caudal) -- Below, under︒Anterior (ventral) -- In front of, front (front of the body)︒Posterior (dorsal) -- After, behind, following, toward the rear (back of the body) ︒Medial -- Toward the mid-line, way from the side︒Lateral -- Toward the side, away from the mid-line︒Proximal -- Near, closer to the origin︒Distal -- Away from, farther from the origin︒Superficial -- Closer to the surface of the body︒Deep -- Farther from the surface of the body︒Parietal -- Related to the walls of the cavity︒Visceral -- Located on or among the viscera∙Planes and sections of the body (location within the body)Anatomical planes describe anatomical motion, 3 dimensional imaging, and cats called sections︒Sagittal- A vertical plane that divides the body into left and right parts-mid-sagittal︒Coronal (frontal)- A vertical plane that divides the body in anterior and posterior parts-Front and back︒HorizontalA horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts︒ObliqueA plane that passes through the body on an angle︒LongitudinalAny plane that is perpendicular to the horizontal plane. Both sagittal and coronalplanes︒Transverse/cross sectionTop and bottom∙Body quadrantsupper right(UR), Upper left(UL), Lower right(LR), Lower left(LL),Section 3:∙The 4 basic tissues are:Epithelial tissueConnective tissueNervous tissueMuscular tissueEpithelial tissue (上皮组织)- A tissue composed of closely apposed (side by side) cells with very little or no intervening intercellular substance-Covers the body’s external and internal organs- 2 types1)covering epithelium: cells that covers the external and internal surfaces2)glandular epithelium: cells that produce and secrete product, such ashormones-characteristics1)cellularity2)polarity3)attachment to a basement membrane4)avascularity5)innervation6)high regeneration capacity -functions1)physical protection2)selective permeability3)secretion4)sensation-classifying epithelium1)cell organization (num of cell payers) [▪simple -- (1layer)▪stratified -- (2 or more)2)cell shape▪squamous -- (flat/thin, wide, and somewhat irregular in shape)▪cuboidal -- (about the same size on all sides, the nucleus is usually centrally located)▪columnar -- (taller than they are wide, nucleus is oval and located in the basal region of the cell)3)naming epithelium tissue: (cell organization) (cell shape)-simple epitheliumsimple squamous: single layer of flatted cellssimple cuboidal: single layer of cube cellssimple columnar: single layer of column shaped cells-stratified epitheliumstratified squamous: multiple layers of flat shaped cellsstratified cuboidal: multiple layers of cube shaped cellsstratified columnar: multiple layers of column-shaped cells-other types of epitheliumtransitional epithelium: consisting of multiple layers of epithelial cells that allows for stretchingpseudostratified epithelium (ciliated columnar): comprising only a single layer of cells, has its cell nuclei positioned in a manner suggestive ofstratified epitheliumSection 4:∙Connective tissue-most widespread and abundant type of tissue in the human body-the most diverse of the 4 tissue types with a wide variety of functions.-it ranges in consistency from the gel-like softness of areolar connective tissue to the hardness of bone.∙Function-Support and protection-Provides a structural framework for the body-Medium for exchange of nutrients and metabolic waste-Storage-Repair-Defense from invasion of antigens:▪Physical barrier▪Phagocytic cells (macrophages, neutrophils)▪Antibody production (plasma cells)▪Inflammation (mast cells)∙Components-Cells of connective tissueSome are fixed and some are wandering-Fibres of connective tissue3 types1)collagen fibres2)reticular fibres3)elastic fibres-Ground substanceOccupies the space between the cells and fibres of connective tissuesHigh water content, transparent, colourless, viscous∙Ehlers-denlos syndrome-Function of collagen fibres in connective tissueProvide strength and flexibility to tissue. These fibres are responsible for resisting large forces-Without functioning collagen, we could expect laxity or “looseness” in tissue. Lax tissue could present in the following symptoms:Loose skin with high elasticity or stretchFragile skin that cannot resist large forcesFlexible joints leading to joint pain, and eventually arthritisOther symptoms involving lax tissue may arise in individuals with E D S。