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虚拟语气详解

虚拟语气详解虚拟语气表示说话人的主观愿望(往往与客观事实相反),或是表示假象和猜测。

虚拟语气无论从形式上还是时态上都比较复杂,需要归类记忆。

虚拟语气大体分为三类:(1)be型虚拟(2) were型虚拟(3) if条件句及主句虚拟下面会详细说每种虚拟形式的特征和规律,考试时先判断属于哪种虚拟类型,剩下的皆是套路~(1)be型虚拟(基本是套路)形式:should+ 动词原形,should可以省略用法:1)表示“命令、建议、要求”等意义词语之后的宾语从句用be型虚拟,常见的词如下: demand,desire, insist,order,ask,command,propose, recommend, suggest, prefer, require, request等最常见的形式是这类动词后面接着一个宾语从句,则宾语从句的谓语部分要用(should)+ 动词原形来虚拟例:We demandthat the meeting(should)be postponed.The manager suggested that we (should)work together.注意:有时候你所见到不一定是上述动词引导的宾语从句,而是由上述词变体后所引导主语从句(it做形式主语,如:itis advised/ suggested/request ed/ ordered/ proposed that…)、表语从句或同位语从句例如:Itisrequired that the students(should)learn a foreignlanguage. (主语从句)The requirement isthat allthe equipment in the meetingroom(should) be checked twicebefore. (表语从句)We didn’tstandforhis proposalthat the meeting (should)be postponed. (同位语从句)只要看到句中有上述动词或其变体,不管词性怎么变、句型怎么变,都用be型虚拟!特例:suggest和insist这两个比较特殊,当suggest作“暗示、表明、说明”讲,insist作“坚持说”讲,后面一般跟的是客观事实,不需要虚拟~这是一个比较重要的考点,体会下面两组句子:We all suggestthat a lab (should) bebuilt. 我们都建议建一个实验室。

Her expressionsuggests thatshe is angry.她的表情说明她生气了。

She insisted that we should find thesourceof the river.她坚持主张我们应该找到河的源头。

She insisted that she haddone nothing wrong. 她坚持说自己没做错事。

suggest 的区别很明显,但insist有点难辨别,一般来说如果insist后面跟的是某种主张,或是坚持要做一件事,那么用虚拟。

2)表示主观看法,常表示“某事是必要的、重要的。

怎么怎么样的”,尤其是在“ it is +名词/形容词+that从句”结构中,常见的形容词包括:advisable, desira ble, essential, imperative,important,necessary, obligatory, proper,dispensable, impossible, natural, surprising等例如:It is advisable thatyou(should) leave now.Itis necessary that teenagers (should) take partinout sideactivities.It isof great importancethat smoking(should) be banned in public area.依旧是套路,熟悉这些关键提示词即可~3)表示“恐怕,担心,以免,万一”等,例如:if, lest,in case,for fear that 等,后面的从句用(should)+ 动词原形来虚拟注意:这里的if不是引导条件句,而是表示“以防”、“万一”例:He took hisraincoat withhimincase it(should) rain.He took his raincoat with him for fear thathe(should)becaught in therain.4)be型虚拟还用于表示“祝愿”的特殊结构,通常是May+ 主语+ 动词原形例:May yoube happy.几乎不考,了解即可~(2)were型虚拟(要推时态)表达与事实情况相反、未曾实现的主观愿望,形式如下:用法:1)wish引导的宾语从句,表示“希望”例:I wishIwere abird. (对现在情况的虚拟)I wish you came here now. (我希望你现在就来)Iwish that Ihad passed the final exam.(对过去情况虚拟,实际上未通过考试)I wish he would/could cometo help mewithmy paper,but he willgo on businessnext week. (对将来情况虚拟,实际上下周来不了)注意句子里的时间标志,有时没有时间标志,就需要自行体会~2)if only引导的感叹句,表示“要是…就好了”例:If only she were here at thismoment.要是她此刻在这儿就好了。

Ifonly I hadn’t made this mistake.要是我没犯这个错误就好了。

If only you would / could attend my wedding.要是你能来参加我的婚礼就好了。

(现在也会用过去式表示将来,但是表示将来的不怎么会考,所以无需纠结)3)would rather, wouldsooner, wouldprefer, had rather等引导的宾语从句,表示“宁愿,但愿”例:I would rather youcameherenow.l would rather he hadn’t told methe truth.I’d rather you wenttomorrow. (同样也会用过去式表示将来) 4)as if/ asthough 引导的状语从句,表示“似乎…,好像...”,与事实情况相反或几乎不大可能会发生例:She speaksasthough she were sick.He talkedabout the film as if he had seen it before.It seems asifthe meetingwould never end.注意:如果as if / as though 后面跟的是事实或者近乎事实,则不需要虚拟,只能意会不能言传,对比一下下面两句话就知道了,但这并不是高频考点It seemsas if he has noworries. 看起来他似乎没有烦恼,是真的没有烦恼。

Itseems asif hehad no worries. 他只是看起来没烦恼,其实内心世界很纠结。

(3)if条件句及主句虚拟if引导的条件句分为真实条件句和非真实条件句,非真实条件句的主句和从句都要用虚拟语气,表示根本不存在的情况或可能性很小的假设。

主句和从句都有一定套路,而且要根据时态搭配使用,具体见下表:例:IfI had enoughmoney, I would buy myselfa computer.Ifwehadhad enough rain last year, we could havegained a good harvest.If Ishouldsee/ were to see/ saw him tomorrow, I would invite him home.would, could, might,should在意思上稍有区别,would语气肯定,表示十有八九会出现的结果;could表示能够;might表示或许;should表示应该,但这个区别真的不重要…考试也不会在这个上面做文章,自己稍稍理解体会,留个印象就行。

注意1:表格中的是最基本的规则,主句和从句发生在同一个时空(假如我当初怎样,那么我当时就会怎样,都是发生在过去时间;假如我现在怎样,我现在就会怎么怎么,都是发生在当下)。

但也会有些情况,主从句动作发生的时间不一致(假如我以前怎么样,我现在就会怎样;假如我现在怎样, 我将来就会怎样。

)我们把这种类型的句子称作“错综时间”虚拟条件句,看上去很厉害的样子,其实只需要把主从句分开独立分析,看主、从句分别是对什么时间的虚拟,各自对应表格就行。

关键是先判断主、从句发生时间是否一致,考试很喜欢考~例:If you had workedhard,you wouldbevery tired.如果你刚才认真工作了,你现在就会很累。

主句对现在虚拟,从句对过去虚拟。

If you followedmy advice now,youwould succeed in the finalexam next month.要是你现在听我的话,下个月的期末考肯定没问题。

主句对将来虚拟,从句对现在虚拟。

注意2:虚实混用,有的部分是真实的,有的部分是虚拟的,非真实的部分才虚拟,真实的部分用正常语法形式例:IfIhad been at theconcertyesterdayevening,I should have met the famoussinger.But I failed to geta ticket.前面是对过去的虚拟,是没发生的,但是没买到是真实发生的,所以正常用过去式即可。

注意3:倒装结构:if从句中如果含有were,should,had时可以省略if,将were,should,had倒装至主语之前。

例:If I were you, Iwould apply for the job. ——>WereI y ou,I would apply forthe job.Ifyouhad taken myadvice, you wouldn’t have failed inthe examination. ——> Had you taken my advice, you wouldn’t have failed intheexamination.If he shouldarrive there inadvance, Iwouldshowhim around London. ——>Should hearrivethere in advance, I would show him around London.注意4:有时假设的情况并不用if从句表示出来,而是通过一个介词/介词短语(without,butfor等)、副词(otherwise)、连词(or,but, but that等)、wereitnot for、hadit not beenfor, 这属于含蓄的虚拟语气。

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