They can also be classified as mainframes, minicomputers, 3版）》练习参考答案《计算机英语（第workstations, or microcomputers.All else (for example, the age of the machine) being equal, this Unit One: Computer and Computer Sciencecategorization provides some Unit One/Section Aindication of the computer's speed, size, cost, and abilities. I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:Ever since the advent of computers, there have been constant 1. Charles Babbage; Augusta Ada Byronchanges. First-generation 2. input; outputcomputers of historic significance, such as UNIVAC (通用自动计3. VLSI4. workstations; mainframes 算机), introduced in the5. vacuum; transistors early 1950s, were based on vacuum tubes. Second-generation6. instructions; software computers, appearing in the7. digit; eight; byte early 1960s, were those in which transistors replaced vacuum8. microminiaturization; chip tubes. In third-generationcomputers, dating from the 1960s, integrated circuits replacedII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into transistors. In fourth-generationChinese and vice versa: computers such as microcomputers, which first appeared in the1. artificial intelligence 人工智能mid-1970s, large-scaleintegration enabled thousands of circuits to be incorporated on 纸带阅读器2. paper-tape readerone chip. Fifth-generation 3. optical computer 光计算机computers are expected to combine very-large-scale integration 神经网络4. neural networkwith sophisticated approaches 5. instruction set 指令集to computing, including artificial intelligence and true distributed 并行处理6. parallel processingprocessing. 差分机7. difference engine8. versatile logical element 通用逻辑元件IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese: 硅衬底9. silicon substrate 计算机将变得更加先进，也将变得更加容易使用。
语音识别的真空管10. vacuum tube 改进将使计算机的操数据的存储与处理11. the storage and handling of data 作更加容易。
虚拟现实，即使用所有人类官能与计算机进行交超大规模集成电路12. very large-scale integrated circuit 互的技术，也将有助于创13. central processing unit 中央处理器建更好的人机接口。
人们正在开发其他的奇异计算模型，包括analogue 模拟计算机个人计算机14. personal computer 15. 使用生物机体的生物计算、computer使用具有特定属性的分子的分子计算，以及使用遗传基本单位数字计算机digital computer 16.DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）存17. 通用计算机general-purpose computer储数据和执行操作的计算。
这些都是可能的未来计算平台的例18. 处理器芯片processor chip子，而它们迄今还能力有operating instructions 19. 操作指令限或完全属于理论范畴。
科学家们研究它们，是因为嵌入硅中20. 输入设备input device的电路的微小型化受到物理限制。
还有一些限制与甚至最微小的晶体管也会产生的热量有关。
III. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, makingUnit One/Section B changes if necessary:I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: We can define a computer as a device that accepts input,1. experimentation processes data, stores data, and2. interfacing produces output. According to the mode of processing, computers3. interdisciplinary are either analog or digital.4. microprocessorII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into 2. voice recognition module 语音识别模块Chinese and vice versa: 3. touch-sensitive region 触敏区1. artificial neural network 人工神经网络4. address bus 地址总线2. computer architecture 计算机体系结构5. flatbed scanner 平板扫描仪3. robust computer program 健壮的计算机程序6. dot-matrix printer 点阵打印机（针式打印机）4. human-computer interface 人机接口7. parallel connection 并行连接5. knowledge representation 知识表示8. cathode ray tube 阴极射线管6. 数值分析numerical analysis 9. video game 电子游戏10. audio signal 音频信号7. 程序设计环境programming environment 11. 操作系统operating system数据结构data structure 8. 12. 液晶显示（器）LCD (liquid crystal display)9. 存储和检索信息store and retrieve information 13. 喷墨打印机inkjet printer虚拟现实virtual reality 10. 14. 数据总线data bus15. 串行连接serial connectionUnit One/Section C 16. 易失性存储器volatile memoryI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 17. 激光打印机laser printer1. format 18. 磁盘驱动器disk drive2. synchronization 19. 基本输入/输出系统BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)3. virtual 20. 视频显示器video display4. multimedia; third-party III. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into following list, making Chinese and vice versa: changes if necessary: 1. data field 数据字段，数据域学习曲线 2. learning curve CD-ROM stands for compact disc read-only memory. Unlike3. third-party solution 第三方解决方案floppy and hard disks,4. Windows Media Player Windows媒体播放器which use magnetic charges to represent 1s and 0s, optical discs5. 开始按钮Start button use reflected light. On adesignated input area 6. 指定输入区CD-ROM disc, 1s and 0s are represented by flat areas and bumpy7. 手写体识别系统handwriting-recognition system 高低不平的) areas (called (字符集character set 8. -ROM disc is read by a laser “pits”) on its bottom surface. The CD that projects a tiny beam ofUnit Two: Computer Architecture light on these areas. The amount of reflected light determinesUnit Two/Section A whether the area represents a 1．I Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: or a 0.1. input; output; storage -is a “readLike a commercial CD found in music stores, a CD-ROM2. Basic Input/Output System only”disc.3. flatbed scanners; hand-held scanners Read-only means it cannot be written on or erased by the user.4. LCD-based Thus, you as a user have5. dot-matrix printers; inkjet printers 压印) by the publisher. access only to the data imprinted (6. disk drives; memory ) of data. 兆字节A single CD-ROM disc can store 650 megabytes (7. volatile That is equivalent to8. serial; parallel 451 floppy disks. With that much information on a single disc, thetime to retrieve or accessII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into the information is very important. An important characteristic ofChinese and vice versa: CD-ROM drives is their功能键，操作键1. function key access rate.2. abstract machine 抽象机IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese: 3. program editor 程序编辑程序，程序编辑器调制解调器是在模拟和数字信号之间进行转换的设备。