《英语词汇学教程》参考答案(注：参考答案仅供参考。

有些题目的答案并非是唯一的)Chapter 11. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Yet, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning anduses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuseson the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon.2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door.(2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10o’clock.(3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting.3. (1) when it follows ‘-t’ and ‘-d’, it is pronounced as [id];(2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t];(3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d].4. (1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of “tree”.(2)They represent the forms of the verb “fly” and have a common meaning.(3)They belong to a lexical field of ‘telephone communication’.(4)They are synonyms, related to human visual perception.Spec ifically, they denote various kinds of “looking”.5. (a) ‘blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black) ;‘blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black i n colour (the primary stress in on black); ‘greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black), ‘White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). 0(b) black ‘board: any board whi ch is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); black ‘bird: any bird which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); grey ‘hound: any hound that isgrey in colour (both words receive primary stress); ‘white ‘house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress).6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words.7. (a) The ‘bull’ is literal, referring to a male bovine anima l.(b) ‘Take the bull by the horn’ is an idiom, meaning ‘(havingthe courage to) deal with someone or something directly.(c) ‘Like a bull in a china shop’ is an idiom, meaning doing something with too much enthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone.(d) A ‘bull market’ is one where prices rise fast because thereis a lot of buying of shares in anticipation of profits.8. cup, mug, glass, tumbler, tankard, goblet, bowl, beaker, wineglass, beer glass, sherry glassThey can be organized in a number of ways, for example, by the drinks the vessel is used for.Non-alcoholic: glass, tumbler, cup, mug, beaker, bowlBeer: beer glass, tankardWine: wineglass, gobletSpirits: sherry glassChapter 21. Lexeme is an abstract linguistic unit with different variants, for example, sing as against sang, sung.Morpheme is the ultimate grammatical constituent, the smallest meaningful unit of language. For example, moralizers is an English word composed of four morphemes: moral+lize+er+s.Any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance is called a morph, such as cat, chair, -ing, -s, etc.Allomorphs are the alternate phonetic forms of the same morpheme, for example, [t], [d] and [id] are allomorphs of the past tense morpheme in English.2. quick-ly, down-stair-s, four-th, poison-ous, weak-en,world-wide, inter-nation-al-ly, in-ject, pro-trude3. island, surname, disclose, duckling, cranberry,reading, poets, flavourfulness, famous, subvert4.(a)[ ?](b)[ -ai]5. (1) –‘s, -s(2) -est, -s(3) –ing(4) –ed6. The connotations are as follows:(1) slang, carrying the connotation of reluctance, (2)informal, carrying the connotation that the speaker is speaking to a child, (3) beastie is used to a small animal in Scotland, carrying the connotation of disgust, (4) carrying the connotation of formalness, (5) carrying the connotation of light-heartedness.7. { -?m; ～- n; ～- n; ～-i: ～-s; ～-z; ～-iz}8. court: polysemy dart: polysemyfleet: homonymy jam: homonymypad: homonymy steep: homonymystem: homonymy stuff: polysemywatch: polysemy9. (1)—(f), (2)—(g), (3)—(c), (4)—(e), (5)—(a), (6)—(d), (7)—(b)10.(1) unpractical(2) break(3) impractical(4) rout(5) pedals(6) Route(7) razeChapter 31. The history of English can be divided into four periods: the Old, Middle, Early middle and Modern English periods.In Old English period, there is a frequent use of coinages known as ‘kennings’, which refers to vivid figurative descriptions often involving compounds. The absence of a wide-ranging vocabulary of loanwords force people to rely more on word-formation processes based on native elements. The latter period of Old English was characterized by the introduction of a number of ‘loan translations’. Grammatical relationships in Old English were expressed by the use of inflectional endings. And Old English is believed to contain about 24,000 different lexical items.In Middle English period, English grammar and vocabulary changed greatly. In grammar, English changed from a highly inflected language to an analytic language. In vocabulary English was characterized by the loss of a large part of the Old English word-stock and the addition of thousands of words from French and Latin.In Early Modern English period, English vocabulary grew very fast through extensive borrowing and expansion of word-formation patterns. And there was a great many semantic changes, as old words acquire new meanings.Modern English is characterized with three main features of unprecedented growth of scientific vocabulary, the assertion of American English as a dominant variety of the language, and the emergence of other varieties known as ‘New Englishes’.2. appeareth in (a) becomes appeared in (b), and dreame becomes dream. The passive were departed becomes the active had gone. With the change of word forms, (b) looks simple morphologically.3. barf: American slang kerchief: French mutton: Frenchcadaver: Latin goober: Kongo leviathan: Latinginseng: Chinese taffy: North American kimono: Japanesewhisky: Irish caddy: Malay sphere: Latinalgebra: Arabic giraffe: African4. train: meaning changed from the trailing part of a gown to a wide range of extended meanings.deer: meaning narrowed from ‘beast’ or ‘animal’ to ‘a particular kind of animal’knight: meaning ameliorated from ‘boy, manservant’ to ‘a man in the UK who has been given an honor of kn ighthood’meat: meaning narrowed down from ‘food’ to ‘the edible flesh of animals and the edible part of fruit’.hose: meaning extended from ‘leg covering’ to ‘a long tube for carrying water’.5. sell: specialized hound: specializedstarve: specialized wife: specializedloaf: specialized6.Chapter 41. read+-i+-ness dis-+courage+-ing kind+heart+-edun-+doubt+-ed+-ly stock+room+-s pre-+pack+-age+-ed2. book: books(n.); books(v.), booking, bookedforget: forgets, forgot, forgottenshort: shortter, shortestsnap: snaps, snapping, snappedtake: takes, taking, took, takengoose: geeseheavy: heavier, heaviest3. –ish: meaning ‘having the nature of , like’de-: meaning ‘the opposite of’-ify: meaning ‘make, become’-dom: means ‘the state of ’il-(im-/in-): meaning ‘the opposite of, not’-able: meaning ‘that can or must be’mis-: meaning ‘wrongly or badly’-sion(-tion):meaning ‘the state/process of’ pre-: meaning ‘prior to’-ment: meaning ‘the action of’re-: meaning ‘again’under-: meaning ‘not enough’-al: m eaning ‘the process or state of’4. a. They are endocentric compounds. They have the “Adj + N” structure, in which adjectives are used to modify nouns ‘line, line, neck, room’. Hotline means ‘a telephone number that people can callfor information’. Mainline means ‘an important railway line betweentwo cities’. Redneck means ‘a person from the southern US’. Darkroom means ‘a room with very little in it, used for developing photographs’.b. They are endocentric compounds. They have the “N + N’ structure. Bookshelf means ‘a shelf for keeping books’. Breadbasket means ‘a container for serving bread’. Mailbox means ‘a box forputting letters in when they delivered to a house’. Wineglass means ‘a glass for drinking wine’.。