材料表面与界面 Surface and Interface of Materials
May. 2015
References



1、孙大明等编著，固体的表面与界面，安徽 教育出版社，1996 2、朱履冰等编著，表面与界面物理，天津大 学出版社，1992 3、胡福增编，材料表面与界面，华东理工大 学出版社，2008 4、许并社编，材料界面的物理与化学，化学 工业出版社，2006 5、曹立礼著，材料表面科学（第2版），清华 大学出版社，2009 6、闻立时著，固体材料界面研究的物理基础， 科学出版社，2011
interior
2. Ignoring the thermal motion, thermal diffusion and thermal defects etc. of the atoms at the surface;
3. Ignoring the external physical and chemical effects on the surface. The atomic sites and structure inside are infinitely periodic, and those on the surface are semi-infinitely periodic and exactly the same with those inside.


Methods for obtaining the clean surface:
① ② ③
在获得超高真空的同时获得清洁的表面。 用简单的加热方法去除表面的沾污。 在化学气氛中加热去除那些通过简单加热不能清除的化学吸
附沾污。
④
对于较顽固的沾污，可以利用惰性气体离子（如Ar+、Ne+） 轰击表面而有效地清除污染。
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Introduction (2)
Definition and classification of surface and interface:

The surface and interface is defined as a transition zone from a phase to another phase. (a) solid-gas surface

Based on the state of aggregation of substance：
(b) liquid-gas
(c) solid-liquid
(d) liquid-liquid
interface
(e) solid-solid
(a) Gas-Liquid Interface
(b) Gas-Solid Interface
Scientists at the University of California, Berkeley, have for the first time engineered 3-D materials that can reverse the natural direction of visible and nearinfrared light, a development that could help form the basis for higher

所谓超高真空（UHV）都是在10-9（托）以下。若在室温，真空度为
10-10（托）的系统中，每秒只有3.8×1010 个气体分子和1 cm2 表面相碰
撞。此时在表面形成一个覆盖气体分子层则需要大约 8 h 的时间。在 这个状况条件下气体分子的平均自由程大约是50,000km。
完整的真空系统
热偶规
转盘
热偶规
分子束
UHV腔
机械泵
泄漏阀
B-A计
机械泵
Ti 泵
气 瓶
分子泵
热偶规
离子泵
机械泵
(1) ledge surface
The surface is composed of regular or irregular ledges.
晶面1
（平面）
晶面3 晶面2
（立面） （连接面）
[110]
[111]
⑤
对于一些晶体，可以采用沿特定的晶面自然解理而得到清洁
表面。
⑥
在适当的基片上通过真空蒸发法获得预想的单晶和多晶薄膜， 作为研究对象的清洁表面。
需要高真空度的理由：

根据气体分子运动论，当气压为P（托，1 托 = 133 Pa = 1 mmHg ）、
温度为T（K）情况下，每秒钟同单位面积表面相碰撞的气体分子个数 为N。N=289×1022P(MT)-1/2 [cm2· s-1] ，其中M是气体分子量。
Physical surface
Solid surface
Machined surface General/actual surface
1.1 Ideal surface
Surface
d Two-dimentional lattice plane with a theoretically complete structure 1. Ignoring the influence of the interruption of periodic potential inside at the surface of the crystal;
12
浙江大学研制的六边形柱状“隐身衣”
14
荷叶的表面结构：由微米级的乳突组成，乳突结构又由纳米级的精细 结构构成（见右图）该表面为超疏水特性
15
Surface structure of Shark Simulated shark’s surface was applied on airplane
The chemical composition of the clean surface is the same as that inside, while the structure could be different from inside. To obtain the clean surface, special methods are needed and the super-high vacuum of 1.33×10-10 Pa must be maintained at the same time.
resolution optical imaging, nanocircuits for high-powered computers, and, to the delight of science-fiction and fantasy buffs, cloaking devices that could render objects invisible to the human eye.

当真空度达到10-6 托左右，以氮气为例，在室温下，每秒大约有
3×1014 个气体分子同 1 cm2 的表面相碰撞，考虑固体表面一个单原子 层上的原子数，每平方厘米大约有1015 个 原子（原子间距以0.3 nm
计），如果和表面相碰撞的氮气分子全部被吸附于表面，则每隔 3 秒
钟就将形成一个单原子层覆盖于表面之上。

Applications：
a. Components of aviation and aerospace b. Coatings for civil use c. Special surface and interface functional materials: biological surface and interface with special functions and micro-structure; superhydrophobic and super-hydrophilic materials.
Introduction (1)
Surface and interface play an important role in material science. Decisive influence on the over-all properties of materials. Phenomena or processing that connects to surface and interface: corrosion, ageing, hardening, damage, printing, film painting, bonding, synthesis etc.
Course requirements

Teaching method：Lecture+Discussion Time assignment：60%+40% Examination：Test 60%+oral presentation 40%
Outline




Introduction Chapter 1 Surface of solid Chapter 2 Crystallography of surface Chapter 3 Interface of solid Chapter 4 Interface of composite materials and optimization of their interface Chapter 5 Thermodynamics and kinetics of surface and interface Chapter 6 Analysis and characterization of surface
Ideal surface
Structure of ideal surface
1.2 Clean surface

Clean surface is referred to a surface on which physical and chemical effects such as adsorption, catalyzing reaction, impurity diffusion, etc., do not exist.