第二讲定语从句定语从句（Ⅰ）1、定义及相关术语1. 定义：修饰某一____或____的从句叫定语从句。
定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的_____之后。
2. 先行词：被_______修饰的词叫先行词。
3. 关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词有that ,which ,who ,whom, whose ,as等；在句中充当____ ____ ___和____.关系副词有when ,where ,why 等,在句中充当____.关系词通常有三个作用：（1）______：关系代词引导定语从句，把从句和主句连接起来；（2）______：关系代词在从句中替代它前面的先行词；（3）______: 关系代词在从句中总是充当句子成分。
2、关系代词引导的定语从句1. who指_____，在定语从句中作________。
2.whom指_____，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略。
3. which指______，在定语从句中作________，作宾语时常可省略。
4.that指____时，相当于who或whom ; 指____时，相当于which ,在定语从句作_____。
作宾语时，可省略。
5. whose通常指____，也可指______，在定语从句中作_______。
即“人的或物的”，表示“______关系”The boys_____ are playing football are from Class One.Li Ming is just the boy _______ I want to seeThey planted some trees ______ didn’t need much water.The fish _____ we bought this morning were not fresh .I once lived in a room ____ window faces southThe child _______ parents were killed in the air crash is now living with his aunt .1）who 与whom 的区别与联系关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替，也可省略。
The man ___________you met just now is my old friend .当动词短语中的介词提在关系词前时，只用whom 不用whoThe student ____our teacher is talking to is our monitor. . The student to___ our teacher is talking is our monitor.2 ) whose 指物时，常用下列结构来代替：whose +n == the +n +of which == of which +the +nDo you like the book _____ cover is yellow? Do you like the book thecover of which is yellow?三、定语从句中只能用that/which 引导的情况：1. 限制性定语从句中只能用that引导的情况：1) 当先行词是不定代词all ,much ,little ,few ,none，the one，something, everything anything ,nothing 时。
All ______can be done has been done .Have you taken down everything (that) Mr Li said ?2) 当先行词前面有the only ,the very (恰恰，正好), the just , the same, the last, all, much ,little, few ,some ,any , no ,等修饰时. He stayed in the library and looked up any information ______he needed.This is the very bus ______I’m waiting for .3) 当先行词是形容词最高级或有形容词最高级修饰时。
This is the best _____has been used against pollution.This is the most interesting movie______I’ve ever seen .4）当先行词是序数词或有序数词修饰时。
This train is the last_____ will go to Hang zhou .What is the first American novel _____ you have read ?5）当先行词既有人又有物时。
Do you know the school and the teachers ______they are talking about?6) 当主句的主语是疑问词who或 which , 应用that，以避免重复而造成语意混淆。
Which is the bike _____you lost ？ Who is the boy _____won the gold medal ？7) 有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜用which , 另一个宜用that 。
They secretly built up a small factory , _____produced things______ caused pollution.8) 当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系词在从句中也作表语时。
Shanghai is no longer the city_____ it used to be . She is no longer the girl that she was 10 years ago.2. 定语从句中只能用which 引导的情况：1) which可引导非限制性定语从句，that则不能My house , ______I bought two years ago , has got a lovely garden.在非限制性定语从句中，which 有时可以指代整个句子。
Jim passed the driving test , ______surprised everybody in the office.Helen was much kinder to her younger son than to the others,______, of cause ,made the others envy him .2) 当动词短语中的介词提在关系词前时，which 可以做介词的宾语，that 不能This is a house which/ that Lu Xun once lived in . This is a house ______Lu Xun once lived .四、限制性与非限制性定语从句1、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限定的作用；非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明的作用。
如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚、完整。
这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切，书写时先行词与定语从句往往有逗号隔开。
非限制性定语从句相当于并列句、状语从句等。
翻译时可以译成两个句子。
I like the boy , who is very lovely.He told me a story yesterday , which I think is very interesting.Beijing , which is the capital of China ,has a very long history .He has two sons ,who work in the same company .( He has only two sons )他有两个儿子，他们在同一家公司上班。
He has two sons who work in the same company .（Perhaps he has more than two sons )他有两个在同一家公司上班的儿子。
2、that 不能引导非限制性定从，其它的引导词都可引导。
五、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句1. 当介词放在关系代词前面时，关系代词只能用which 或whom并且不能省略。
即：介词 + which/whom .介词的选用与名词，动词，形容词有关系，有的甚至与整个句子有关系。
The school_____ which he once studied is very famous.This is the boy _____whom I played tennis yesterday .In the dark street ,there wasn’t a single person _____whom she could turn for help .This is the hero _____ whom we are proud(07 江西) He was educated at the local high school ,_____ which he went toBeijing University.注意：1）有些含有介词的短语动词一般不分开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。
如：look for , look after ,look at ,look into ,take care of ,take part in ,depend on ,pay attention to等。
The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. （误）The babies whom the nurse is looking after are very healthy. （正）2）“介词 + 关系代词”前还可有both ,neither，either , all ,none, any, some ,many ,most ,each ,few等代词或数词.He loved his parents deeply ,both of _____are very kind to him .There are 40 students in our class in all ,most of _____are from big cities . He paid the boy ＄10 for washing ten windows , most of_____ hadn’t been cleaned for a year .题组练习：一. 把下面每对句子连成一句，把第二个句子作为定语从句。