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小学英语语法讲解-名 词

名词一、定义名词是表示人或事物名称的词。

它既可以表示具体的东西,也可以是表示抽象的东西。

二、分类1. 名词可以根据意义分为普通名词和专有名词2. 普通名词又可以分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词,其中个体名词与集体名词是可数名词,物质名词和抽象名称是一般不可数名词。

3. 专有名词是表示人名、地名、团体、机构、组织等的专有名词,多为独一无二的事物。

三、名词的数名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。

可数名词——可以用数目计算数量的名词不可数名词——不能直接用数目计算数量的名词(没有单复数之分)1、可数名词如何变“复数形式”:a如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds ;读音:清辅音后读[s],浊辅音和元音后读[z]。

b如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches ;读音:[iz]。

c如:family-families,strawberry-strawberries ;读音:[z]。

d 如:knife-knives ,thief-thieves;读音:[z]。

e读音:[z]。

f.不规则名词复数:man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen,policewoman-policewomen, snowman-snowmen, mouse-mice, child-children, foot-feet,tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese2、不可数名词没有复数。

如果要计算不可数名词所表达的数量,有以下两种表示方法:1)用some, much ,a little ,a lot of ,a bit of , plenty of等表示多少。

注意既可以与可数名词复数,又可以与不可数名词连用的有:plenty of , some ,a lot of ,lots of ,most of 等。

如There is much water in the bottle .瓶中有很多水。

I'll tell you much good news.我要告诉你许多好消息。

we should collect some useful information我们应该收集一些有用的消息。

2)★★用单位词表示。

用表示。

如 a cup of (一杯......),a bottle of (一瓶......)a piece of (一张......),a pair of shoes(一双鞋)如two cups of tea(两杯茶), five pieces of paper(五张纸)注意,数词大于一,单位词要变成复数形式。

四、名词所有格(表示所有关系)构成方法:1)有生命的名词的所有格:(+’s/’)A)单数名词后加“’s ”,如:Su Hai’s twin sister苏海的双胞胎妹妹Jim’s family吉姆的一家B)以“s ”结尾的复数名词,只需加“’”,如:Teachers’ Day教师节the twins’ parents C)不以“s ”结尾的复数名词,则仍需加“’s ”,如:Children’s Day儿童节2)表示时间、距离、重量等名词的所有格:(+’s/’)today’s news今天的新闻New Year’s Day新年ten minutes’ walk十分钟路程注意:表示两人或几人共有的物品,只需将最后一个名词变成所有格形式,如:Ben and Jim’sbook; 如表示分别拥有,则需将每个名词变成所有格形式,如:Ben’s and Jim’s books 3)无生命的名词的所有格,用“名词+of+名词”构成。

如:a photo of his family 他家的一张照片the colour of her skirt 她的短裙的颜色五、常用口诀1、表示某国人的名词的复数顺口溜(1)“中、日、瑞”不用变。

(2)“英、法”a变e。

(3)其他一律加s即 Chinese,Japanese,Swiss单复数同形;Englishman,Frenchman 的复数为Englishmen,Frenchmen;其他像German,American,Australian等的复数形式是在后面加“s”。

2、o结尾的名词顺口溜有生命的以o结尾的名词变复数时,词尾加es,凡无生命的以o结尾的名词变复数时,词尾加s。

有生命加es,如:有生命:potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes, hero-heroes, negro--negroes无生命:zoo-zoos, radio-radios, photo-photos, piano-pianos, zero-zeros, bamboo (竹子)--bamboos, ★tobacco(烟丝)--tobaccos1)两人两菜。

(+es)小学—中学课本中以o结尾的名词变成复数时,加es的只有negro(黑人),hero(英雄),potato(土豆),tomato(西红杮),2)其余以o结尾的名词变复数时均加s。

图景:你在“zoo”里,看见一棵“bamboo”,上面挂着一张“photo”,所照的是一架“piano”,上面放着一台“radio”。

(zoo-zoos, bamboo-bamboos, photo-photos piano-pianos, radio-radios.)3、f、fe结尾的顺口溜(1)以f(e)结尾的名词变为复数时,有的把f(e)改为v再加 es 。

wife(妻子),knife(刀子),wolf(狼)thief(小偷),shelf(架子),life(生命)leaf(树叶),self(自己),half(一半),这9个名词变复数时,都要改“f(e)”为“ve”再加“s”。

(2)※但也有特殊情况是直接加-s的。

如gulf(海湾), roof(屋顶), chief(首领), serf(奴仆), belief(信仰), proof (证据), handkerchief(手帕)。

编成口诀联想:4、巧记不规则名词单变复goose-geese; foot-feet; mouse-mice; tooth-teeth;man-men; woman-women; child-children5、巧记单复数同形的名词Japanese sheep Swiss deer Chinese fish练习I. 写出下列名词的复数形式。

1.watch ____________ 11.strawberry _______________2.child _____________ 12.thief ____________________3. photo ____________ 13.girl student_______________4.diary ____________ 14.man doctor_______________5.day______________ 15.woman nurse_____________6.foot______________ 16.pear tree_________________7.book____________ 17. peach____________________8.dress ____________ 18.box_______________9.tooth____________ 19. baby____________________10. deer___________ 20. German__________________II. 翻译下列词组。

1.一些桃子_____________________ 10.我的自行车________________2.五袋大米______________________ 11.教师节________________3.八只脚_____________________ 12.三八妇女节________________4.二十颗牙齿____________________ 13. 二张纸________________5.三瓶果汁_____________________ 14.四个男医生________________6.四十个女警察__________________ 15.七颗梨树________________7.十二把小刀____________________ 16.一副世界地图______________8.九个德国人____________________ 17.Helen的朋友9.许多孩子_____________________ 18.双胞胎的妈妈______________III. 按要求改写下列句子。

1. There is an orange tree in the garden.(改为复数句)____________________________________________________2. She is a good teacher. (改为复数句)____________________________________________________3. I have some interesting story books. (改为单数句)____________________________________________________4. There are some women teachers over there. (改为单数句)_____________________________________________________5. -What is it? –It’s a box. (改为复数句)_____________________________________________________IV. 单项选择。

( )1.Mr Smith is _______father. They are twin sisters.A. Mary ’s and John’sB. Mary’s and JohnC. Mary and John’s( )2.She needs ___________________.A. a glass waterB. two glasses of waterC. two glasses of waters ( )3.There are five______ in our school.A. woman teacher B woman teachers C. women teachers( )4.There are many _______ in the fridge.A. foodB.breadC. vegetables( )5.I’m thirsty. I think I’ll buy some______.A. waterB. eggsC. cakes( ) 6.John bought ___ for himself yesterday.A. two pairs of shoesB. two pair of shoeC. two pair of shoesD. two pairs shoe ( )7. -What would you like to have for lunch, sir? -I'd like____. !A. chickenB. a chickenC. chickensD. the chicken( )8. There are five ___in our factory.A. woman driver B, women driver C. woman drivers D. women drivers ( )9. The post office is a bit far from here. It's about_____.A. thirty minutes's walkB. thirty minute's walkC. thirty minutes' walkD. thirty minutes walk( ) 10. _____ turn yellow in autumn.A. LeafB. LeavesC. LeaveD. Leafs( ) 11. Will you please show me the way to the _____ shop?A. shoeB. shoes’C. shoesD. shoe’s( )12. _____ hard work it is!A. What aB. HowC. WhatD. How a( )13. His family _____ a happy one.A. beB. areC. isD. was( ) 14. I met two _____ in the street yesterday morning.A. GermanB. AustralianC. AmericanD. Japanese( ) 15. My grandparents like _____ very much, so they grow some in their _____ garden every year.A.vegetable, vegetableB. vegetable, vegetablesC. vegetables, vegetablesD. vegetables, vegetableV. 用所给单词的正确形式填空。

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