英语词汇学教程期末总结1、 what is lexicology?Lexicology is the study of the vocabulary or lexicon of a given language. It dealsnot only with simple words, but also with complex and compound words.2、 morphology is the study of the forms of words and their components. Inmorphology, morpheme is a basic concept. Morphemes are considered as thesmallest meaningful units which may constitute words or parts of words.Semantics is often defined as the study of meaning. Semantics is usuallyapproached from one of two perspectives: philosophical or linguistic. Etymologyis the study of the whole history of words. First…second…third P23、 lexicography is closely related to the words in a given language. It involves thewriting and compilation of dictionaries, especially dealing with the principles thatunderlie the process of compiling and editing dictionaries.4、 Major features of words: 背1). a word is a sound or combination of sounds which we make voluntarily withour vocal equipment.2). a word is symbolic and is used to stand for something else.3). the word is an uninterruptible unit.4). a word has to do with its social function.5). a word may consist of one or more morphemes.6). Words are part of the large communication system we call language.7). A word occurs typically in the structure of phrases.5、 Lexical words: are nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Grammatical words arewords like pronouns, prepositions, demonstrative, determiners, conjunctions,auxiliary verbs, and so on.6、 The morphemes are the ultimate grammatical constituents, the smallestmeaningful units of language.One morpheme: boy, desire, sayTwo morphemes: boy+ish, desire+ableThree morphemes: boy+ish+ness, desire+able+ityFour morphemes: gentle+men+li+ness, un+desire+able+ity7、 Phonemes, which are the smallest working units of sound per se, build up intomorphemes, a morpheme is composed of one or more phonemes.8、 Lexical item as a unit of lexical meaning, which exists regardless of anyinflectional endings it may have or the number of words it may contain. Lexeme isconsidered an abstract linguistic unit with different variants. 9、Types of morphemes:1). Bound morphemes and free morphemes2). Derivational and inflectional morphemes10、seven types of meaning: 背conceptual meaning,connotative meaning,social meaning,affective meaning,reflected meaning,collocative meaning,thematic meaning.11、conceptual meaning, which is sometimes called denotative or cognitive meaning, refers to meanings as presented in a dictionary.connotative meaning is the communicative value of an expression by virtue of 12、what it refers to , over and above its purely conceptual content. Connotations vary from age or age, from society to society, and from individual to individual within the same speech community.13、roots tend to have a core meaning which is in some way modified by the affix, but determining meaning is sometimes tricky.14、polysemy refers to the situation in which a word has two or more different meanings.15、homonymy refers to a situation in which there are two or more words with the same shape.16、Old English period(450-1066): features: the vocabulary of Old English is almostpurely Germanic, a large part of this vocabulary has disappeared from the language.The Middle English period (1066-1500): features: some of the changes were theresults of the Norman Conquest and the conditions which followedthat event; others were a continuation of tendencies that had begun to appear in Old English; in grammar， English changed from a highly inflected language to an analytical one. TheEnglish vocabulary was characterized by the loss of a large part of the Old English word-stock and the addition of thousands of words from French and Latin.Early Modern English period (1500-1800): the advent of the printing revolutionmarked its beginning. Printing played a major role in fostering the norms of spelling and pronunciation. Throughout the modern period,written English has been quite uniform. It is the transitional period from Middle English to Modern English period.The Modern English period (1800-present): unprecedented growth of scientificvocabulary; the assertion of American English as a dominant variety of the language; the emergence of other varieties know n as ‘New Englishes’.17、major influences on English: 背The Scandinavian influenceThe Norman ConquestThe Latin influence18、borrowing is the process of imitating a word from a foreign language and, at least partly, adapting it in sound or grammar to the native language. The word thus borrowed is called a loanword or borrowing.19、three ways of extending the word stock: borrowing words that already exist in other languages; creating entirely new words; forming new words from existing resources within the word stock.20、English has some built-in processes of creating words: the addition of prefixes and suffixes; blending; compounding; conversion; back formation.21、inflection refers to a general grammatical process which combines words and affixes to produce alternative grammatical forms of words. P55看表格的例子22、affixation is the process whereby an affix is attached to a base. Derivation refersto the creation of a new word by means of the addition of an affixto a stem. Two principal kinds of affixation: prefixing and suffixing. Prefixes like un-, pre-, and dis-serve to change the meaning of words, though not usually their partof speech. Suffixes and prefixes often change the grammatical class of words. 23、compounding refers to the method and device of language to form new words by combining or putting together old words.Characteristics : phrases on phonological, syntactic, and semantic grounds.24、conversion is a process by which a word belonging to one word class is transferred to another word class without any change in form.P67看 Noun-verb:……… 看P68表格看P74表格25、backformation is the making of a new word from an older word which is mistakenly assumed to be its derivative.26、antonymy refers to the relationship of oppositeness of meaning between words.26、there are many different sources of idioms: every-day life; food and cooking; agricultural life; nautical life and military life; many idioms are related to parts of the body, animals, and colors.28、idioms can be divided into three groups:The first group has irregular form but clear meaning.The second group has a regular form but an unclear meaning.The third group is irregular both in form and meaning.Two features of idioms: ambiguity and syntactic peculiarities29、types of dictionaries: 背general and specialized dictionariesmonolingual and bilingual dictionarieselectronic and print dictionaries30、Longman Dictionary of Contemporary EnglishAll the definitions are written using the Longman defining vocabulary of just 2000 common words.The top 3000 most frequent words in spoken and written English are highlighted to show which are the most important to know.Whether In print, on DVD-ROM, online, via a PDA or mobile phone, the user can access language support whenever and wherever he/she wants.31、a euphemism is a word or phrase that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid frightening or unpleasant subjects.32、classification of euphemisms 背，还要有例子 P1221). Terms of foreign and/or technical origin (e.g. copulation, perspire…)2).abbreviations (e.g. SOB for son of a bitch…)3).abstractions and ambiguities (e.g. it for excrement…)4).indirections (e.g. unmentionables, privates…)5).mispronunciation (e.g. goldarnit, dadgummit…)6).litotes or reserved understatement (e.g. not exactly thin for fat…)7).changing nouns to modifiers (e.g. makes her look slutty for is a slut…)8). Slang (e.g. pot for marijuana, laid for sex…)33、slang is the use of informal words and expressions that are not consideredstandard in the speaker’s dialect or language. A slang word isoften an informal and transient lexical item used by a specific social group.34、ameliorations refer to the development of more favorable meaning for words. A development of the meaning in the opposite direction, which is perhaps more frequent, is called pejoration. 看P129 第一个表格35、metaphor is very common in English. It is often considered as a variation in the expression of meanings.很抱歉总结晚了，这些就是老师画的范围，有些写着背的是必须背的，会出大题，没写的可能是出大题也可能是出小题。