• 翻译是异语交际活动，通过语言转换达到交际 目的。（张泽乾）
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The Definition of Translation
• Semantic views on translation:
• Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that author intended the text. (Newmark)
• 翻译是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用另一种 语言文字表达出来的文化活动。 (王克非)
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The Criteria for Translation
• General laws of translation (Tytler) • 1. The translation should give a complete
A branch of science
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The Nature of Translation
• What is the nature of translation?
傅雷
An art
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The Nature of Translation 孙迎春
skill/craft/instrument
-- Eugene Nida
所谓翻译，是指从语义到风格在译语中用最 切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。
--尤金.奈达
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The Definition of Translation
• Communicative views on translation:
• The translator attempts to produce the same effect on the target language readers as was produced on the original source language readers. (Newmark)
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The Definition of • Translating conTsirsatnssilnatrioenproducing
in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and second in terms of style.
About translation
1. The Nature of Translation (本质)
2. The Definition of Translation (定义)

3. The Criteria for Translation (标准)
4. The Process of Translation (步骤)
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The Nature of Translation
• What is the nature of translation?
茅盾
The combination of art and science
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The Definition of
• Linguistic viewTsraonnsltartaionnslation:
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The Criteria for Translation
In China 1.玄奘：既须求真，又须喻俗 2.严复：译事三难：信，达，雅。求其信，
已大难矣！顾信矣，不达，虽译犹 不译也，则达尚焉。(1898) 3.鲁迅：凡是翻译，必须兼顾两面，一当然是 求其易解，一则保存着原作的风姿。 4.傅雷：重神似，不重形似 5.钱钟书：化境 6.许渊冲：杨长避短，编发辑pp挥t 译文语言优势。 13
• 把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达 出来。(《现代汉语词典》)
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The Definition of Translation
• Cultural views on translation:
• For truly successful translating, biculturalism is even more important than bilingualism, since words only have meanings in terms of the cultures in which they function. (Nida)
• Translation is “the replacement of textual material in one language (Source Language) by equivalent textual material in another language.” (Catford)
5. Translator’s Competence (译者所应具备的能力)
6. 6.The Methods of Translation (方法)
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The Nature of Translation
• What is the nature of translation?
Eugene Nida
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The Criteria for Translation
Criteria for translation 1) True to the original; 2) Vivid; 3) Smooth and natural; 4) Equivalence of response.
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transcript of the ideas of the original work. • 2. The style and manner of writing should
be of the same character with that of the original. • 3. The translation should have all the ease of original composition.