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And的一些用法及其含义

And的一些用法及其含义摘要:并列连接词and 用来连接句子时,两个句子的意思要有逻辑上的联系。

and的几种特殊用法。

关键词:并列连词 and 并列句ⅰ. 并列连接词and 用来连接句子时,两个句子的意思要有逻辑上的联系。

否则,and 连接的句子就会使人感到难以捉摸或产生歧义。

例如:he lived aboard for many years and beijing is the capital of our country.一般来说,and连接的并列句,其次序可以改变而不影响它们在语义上的联系。

例如:he studies at a university and his brother works at a factory. / his brother works at a factory and he studies at a university.但是,这种可以改变两个句子次序的可能性取决于许多因素,其汇总一个因素就是两个句子之间在意义上的关系。

例如,一个并列句之间含有因果关系(cause-result)时,改变了他们的次序就会改变他们之间的逻辑关系。

下面两句显然在意义上不相同:he was sick and he took some medicine. he took some medicine and he was sick.为了方便起见,下面我们只举and连接两个句子的例子,看看它们在语义上的关系:1.第二句是第一句的结果,句子的次序反映了事件发生的先后。

例如:he tried hard and he passed the examination(and=therefore)./my brother was wearing a raincoat,and didn’t get wet.在rather/very/too+形容词+and的场合下,and往往具有therefore的意思。

例如:he is rather/very/too lazy and there is no chance of his passing.2.第二句的动作是紧接在第一句动作之后发生的,但没有因果的关系。

例如:1 woke up and i got out of bed(and then)./she washed the dishes and she dried them.如果两个句子的次序颠倒,那就失去了动作先后次序的含意。

因此,即使在颠倒了次序的第二句中用时态表示动作发生在第二句之前,并列句也是不能接受的。

不能说:she dried the dishes and she had washed them.同样含有因果关系的并列句也不能接受:he passed the examination and he had tried hard.可是,不用连接词and时,这种颠倒了次序的并列句则是可以接受的。

例如:she dried the dishes;she had washed them./he passed the examination;he had tried hard.3.第二句介绍对比(contrast),含有这种对比的意思时,and 可以用but来代替。

例如:he is lazy and his brother is diligent(and=while,in contrast).4.第二句对第一句表示惊讶,所以第一句有让步的意思。

例如:he tried hard and he failed in the exam(and-and yet)./he was unhappy about it,and he did what he was told.这儿but也可以代替and,不过用and可以产生修辞效果,强调第二句的内容是没有预料到的。

5.第二句作出和第一句相似的论点。

例如:a trade agreement should be no problem,and a cultural exchange could be arranged (and=similarly).6.第二句是第一句的补充说明,两句的说明是一致的。

例如:john has tong hair and he wears jeans(and=and also).以上例句中,3、5、6句的次序可以改变而不改变语义关系。

ⅱ.and的几种特殊用法1.祈使句+and把祈使句换成if从句,用逗号代替and,后面的句子作为主要句子。

例如come early and you will see him.(=if you come early,you will see him.)用1et开始的祈使句,也可表示条件。

如:let’s give him some help and he will be able to overcomethe difficulties in his studies.(=if we give him some help,he will be able to overcome the difficulties in his studies.)从以上例句可以看出,这种表示条件的用法,除第一句是祈使句外,第二句中的谓语动词要用将来时态。

and之后用其它时态的情况也有:hesitate,and the chance is gone./give him a tool and he worked well.连接词and前面可以是名词,这种句子不但简洁,而且条件意义十分突出。

例如:one more effort and you will succeed.(=if you make one more effort,you will succeed.)有些谚语中,and连接的句子中的主语可以省略。

例如:give a dog a bad name and hang him:(=if you give a dog a bad name,you may hang him.)欲加之罪,何患无辞。

祈使句+or(or=or else, otherwise否则),例如:persevere,or you will not succeed.(比较persevere,and you will succeed.)2.nice and...后跟形容词,是口语中常用的一种形式,强调其后的形容词,意思等于very例如:the cloth is nice and soft.这布很柔软。

类似的用法还有:yon are rare and busy now.(=rarely=very).你现在很忙。

i am good and ready.(good=thoroughly,quite)我完全准备好了。

3.and that用来加强其后的词或词组,that是代词,代表前面整句的意思。

例如:he speaks english and that very veil·他讲英语,而且讲得很好。

the ship was built in less than a year, and that in the midst of the war.这只船在不到一年内造成,而且是在战争期间造的。

and that中的that可以省略。

例如:i have lost one sheet of your letter,and the most important sheet.something has to be done about it,and without delay.和and that相类似的还有and┅at that。

例如:he has lost his umbrella,and a new one at that.他丢了一把伞,而且是一把新伞。

the price of the coffee was five dollars a pound,and not a very good coffee at that.咖啡的价格是五美元一磅,还不是好的。

4.动词+and+动词a)在动词go,come,try,stop,run等后跟and再跟不带to 的不定式,表示目的,这是口语的习惯用法。

例如:i’11 go and fetch some water.i’11 try and come tomorrowi shall write and thank him.run and tell him come here at once.6)第二个动词等于分词,表示伴随情况。

例如:they sat and talked about the good old times.(=they sat talking about the good old times.)/he lies in bed and read.(=he lies in bed reading.)属于这种用法的动词有sit,stand,lie等。

c)相同的动词用and连接起来,表示继续或重复的动作。

例如:the two friends talked and talked and talked.(=they talked for a very long time.)5、形容词和副词的比较级用and连接起来,表示程度的增加,即”愈来愈...”。

例如:it’s getting warmer and warmer.某些副词或介词用and连接起来也表示继续或动作的重复。

例如:he talked oil on and on./he read the text over and over (again)./they danced round and round the room.6.名词十and+名词一个名词用and连接起来重复一次,表示不同类型。

例如:there are books and books.(=there are good and bad books.)一个名词用and连接起来重复一次以上,表示a large number.例如:there were dogs and dogs and dogs a11 over the place.还有out-and-out(:thorough-going,utter)放在名词前,表示强调的意思。

例如:he is an out-and-out liar.。

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