美式论文、报告写作技巧编者按：美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用，因此，报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式，比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文（含毕业论文）等。
研究生presentation 及seminar 的机会更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。
如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩，是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。
美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯，在启发式的教育环境下，写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生，虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强，但是表达能力由於自小培养，加上英语能力的优势，常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹的利基。
反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练，因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦，其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。
通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries)，本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下：(一) 篇首：封面(Title)序言(Preface)谢词(Acknowledge)提要(Summary)目录(Tables and Appendixes)(二) 本文：引言(Introduction)主体，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section) 、以及注释(Footnotes)(三)参考资料：参考书目(References or Bibliography)附录资料(Appendix)。
进行论文或报告写作之前，先要确定想要表达的主题，主题确定后，将其具体表达，即为题目。
题目可以提供研究者：一.研究的方向二.研究的范围三.资料搜集的范围四.预期研究成果通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究，建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。
构思为确定写作大纲或Proposal 的先前步骤，大纲是论文、报告的骨干，Proposal 是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。
如何构思大纲或Proposal为论文、报告写作前的必要准备工作。
好的论文或研究报告，要基于在完整、详实的资料上，而参考资料除了和教授商借之外，最主要的来源就是图书馆了，一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构的报告、科技或商业方面的杂志，及会议性质的资料。
此外现代的电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料，在国外可利用学校的电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要的资料。
当一切准备就绪，即可开始着手写报告，一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告，及小报告如Seminar 式的报告。
就算是小报告，也至少应含(一)TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期(二)Summary：即主要的结论(三)Introduction：包括理论背景及内容(四)Technical Sections：是论文的主体，为最重要的部份应再细分为几个片断。
(五)Conclusions：即扼要的结论(六)Appendixes：复杂公式的导引及叁考资料和电脑程式的报表可附加在此项美式报告的撰写通常要打字，两行式，行间若有未拼完的字要以音节来连接。
写报告通常需要用到电脑，如有计算数字统计图表的需求，也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL、LOTUS，统计分析软体如SAS，也是不可或缺的，电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界的重要工具，文书处理更是最基本的要求，因此Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel便成了颇受欢迎的工具。
此外在英文语法、文法上的润饰与修改，如能请老美帮忙会比较好。
论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation)，用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战，通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟，若是论文囗试则至少一小时。
投影机及麦克风的使用对讲演的效果有很大帮助，正式讲演前多预习几次，时间宜控制适中，上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念，需留意听众的反应，切中主题，避免太多数字的导引。
导游英语试题1Part I. Translation.(20%)1.Write the Chinese meaning of each word below.1). 太平洋2）越南3）俄罗斯4）人口统计5）大约6）季风7）被子植物8）宪法9）国务院10）特区2. Translate into Chinese.1) legislative body 2) national badge 3) national anthem 4) family planning 5)population base 6) pensioner 7) the Contract Household System 8) traditional Chinese medicine 9) urban housing system 10) infrastructurePart II. Complete the following sentences in simulated dialogues. (20%) Excuse me local guide branch welcome group except fly meet cause visa arrangementsT: tourist C: clerkT: ___(1)__, I’m Allan Nixon from New Zealand. My wife and I have just _(2)___ with our two children.C: Y ou’re _(3)___. Have you made a __(4)_____?T: No. Could we have two ___(5)___ rooms with _(6)____ beds?C: Let me see……sorry, but we don’t have any adjacent rooms left. Would you like to have two _(7)___ rooms? One of them__(8)__ the beautiful Pearl River.T: Can I have two double rooms facing the lake?C: No. I’m sorry about it. It’s autumn now. Lots of tourists are _(9)__ into our city, so it’s __(10)___ to get rooms facing the lake in our hotel without ____(11)__.T: Okay, I’ll take the two rooms you’ve ___(12)__.C: They’re on the third floor, Room 325 and Room 328. Would you please _(13)___ this form?T: ___(14)____. Oh, by the way, I’d like to __(15)__ the room charge.C: Yes. The __(16)__is 320 yuan for each.T: What is the __(17)___ time?C: 12:00 noon and 06:00 p.m.And what are the ___(18)__ hour for the coffee shop? We’d like to get a bit to eat.C: It’s open from 9:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. Do you know where it is?T: yes. I’ve seen a _(19)__ showing the way.C: I hope you’ll _(20)_____.Part III. Reading Comprehension. (40%)Directions: After reading the following passages, you will find some questions or unfinished statements. For each question or statement there are 4 choices and mark the corresponding letter with a tick.Passage A.Touring and SightseeingAlthough not a large country, Britain has great attractions for tourists from all over the world. Every year more than 11 million tourists visit Britain. In fact, tourism is a important industry in Britain, employing thousands of people. Most tourists visitBritain during the summer months, when they can expect good weather. In July and August, the streets of London are full of foreign tourists, speaking various languages such as French, Italian, Japanese, Arabic and German.Tourists usually spend a few days in London, and then they go on to some other well-known cities. Oxford (where the famous Oxford University is) and Stratford-upon-avon (Shakespeare’s birthplace) are the two most popular places outside of London. Other cities popular with tourists include Bath in the west, known for its Roman ruins and beautiful 18th century streets, Y ork, the oldest city in the north, and Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland.Almost every tourist coming to Britain visits London. There are some sights and famous landmarks a visitor will want to see, however short his visit.1.How many people visit Britain every year?2.Why does the writer say that tourism is an important industry in Britain?3.Which is the best season for tourists visit Britain and why?4.How many foreign languages are mentioned in the passage and why?5.What is Bath famous for?Passage B.We enjoyed ourselves very muchWe left London on June 21st and flew to Athens. We went on a British airways flight. We left London at about 11 in the morning and arrived in Athens at about 3 in the afternoon. It was raining in London when we left, but it was fine and warm in Athens. After we came out of the airport building we took a taxi to the town center. We stayed for three nights at a hotel. While we were in Athens we visited some of the sights: the Acropolis, of course; the National Museum; and we went to a concert. On the 4th day we went to Athens Airport early in the morning and took and Olympic flight to a beautiful Greek Island, Santorini. We stayed at a small hotel in Phira, the capital of the island, the hotel was very high up and we had a wonderful view of the sea and the island, after we had spent a week on the island, we flew back to Athens for another three nights and them back to London on an Athens Airways flight. It was a wonderful holiday. We did a lot in tow weeks and enjoyed ourselves very much..True or false?6.It took the authors 4 hours to fly from London the Athens.7.After they came out of the airport, they went to the town center.8.In Athens, they stayed with a friend.9.They flew to Athens on a British Airways flight and returned to London on anOlympic flight.10.They flew back to London in early July.Passage C.I’m not lostA man from a big city with a new wagon and a beautiful pair of horses was driving along a country road. He did not give much attention to where he was going. Pretty soon he realized that he was lost, but he continued to drive, expecting to find his way or to meet someone who would tell him how to get back to the town.When it was almost dark, he saw in a cornfield a tall farmer plowing the land. He stopped and called out, “hello, farmer.”“Hello, yourself, ”the farmer replied, “Where does this road go?”“ I haven’t seen ever it go anywhere. It always stays right where it is,” said the farmer, without stopping his work. “How far is it to the next town?”said the stranger, speaking a little louder. “Don’t know, never measured it,”replied the farmer.By this time the city man was getting angry. “what do you know? Y ou’re the biggest fool I ever saw.” The farmer stopped the plow and turned and looked for a long time at the city man. Then he said scornfully, “Maybe I don’t know much. Perhaps I ama fool, but at least I am not lost”11.A countryman with a new wagon was driving along a country road.12.Soon he found that he was lost, but he went on driving.13.The man hoped to meet someone who would tell him how to get back.14.The man stopped to ask a farmer for directions.15.The story shows the farmer’s humor.Passage D.As price and building costs keep rising, the do- it- yourself (DIY) trend in the US continues to grow.“We needed furniture for our living room,,”says John Ross, “ and we just didn’t have enough money to buy it. So we decided to try making a few tables and chairs.”John got married six months ago, and like many young people these days, they are struggling to make a home at a time when the cost of living is very high, The Roisses took a 2-week course for $ 280 at a night school. Now they build all their furniture and make repairs around the house.Jim Hatfield has three boys and his wife died. He has a full-time job at home as well as in a shoe making factory. Last month, he received a car repair bill for $ 420. “I wasdeeply upset about it. Now I’ve finished a car repair course, I should be able to fix the car by myself.”John and Jim are not unusual people. Most families in the country are doing everything they can to save money so they can fight the high cost of living. If you want to become a “do-it-yourselfer”, you can go to DIY classes. And for those who don’t have time to take a course, there are books that tell you how you can do things yourself.16.We can learn from the text that many newly married people___A.find it hard to pay for what they needB.have to learn to make their own furnitureC.take DIY courses run by the governmentD.seldom go to a department store to buy things17.John and his wife went to evening classes to learn how to ____A.Run a DIY shopB.Make or repair thingsC.Save time and moneyD.Improve the quality of life18.When the writer says that Jim has a full-time job at home , he means Jim___A.makes shoes in his homeB.does extra work at nightC.does his own car and home repairsD.keeps house and looks after his children19.Jim Hatfileld decided to become a do-it-yourselfer when __A.His car repairs cost too muchB.The car repair class was not helpfulC.He could not possible do two jobsD.He had to raise the children all by himself20.What world be the best title for the text?A.the Joy of DIYB.Y ou can Do It Too!C.Welcome to Our DIY Course!D.Ross and Hatfields: Believers in DIYPart IV. Please write a welcome speech with 80-100 words.(20%)。