伊丽莎白一世的婚姻与国家[摘要] 近代早期,英王伊丽莎白一世的婚姻外交政策颇有特色。

她以自己的婚姻为筹码,在欧洲大陆各国,特别是法国和西班牙这两大强国之间进行权力平衡,为英国最大限度地谋求国家利益。

同时她利用自己的婚姻巧妙地处理了国内政治、宗教等事务。

在她统治英国期间,国内和国际环境都很有利,英国得到了长足的发展。

[关键词] 伊丽莎白婚姻外交[abstract] in early modern times, there were some distinctive characteristics in the foreign policy of elizabethⅰ’s marriage. she made her own marriage serve as the bargaining counter and the balance among european countries, especially between france and spain to win the national interests to a great degree. elizabeth used her own marriage to deal with the religious problem and the foreign affairs. she tied her marriage with the development of her country. this foreign policy of marriage not only embodied the diplomatic characteristics of sovereign states in modern times, but also started diplomatic policy of power balance to some extent in england.[key words] elizabethmarriageforeign policyi. introductionelizabeth i (1533 - 1603) was queen of england and queenof ireland from 17 november 1558 until her death. sometimes called the virgin queen, gloriana, or good queen bess, elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the tudor dynasty . the daughter of henry viii, she was born a princess.1 from the start of her reign in 1558, elizabeth i was pressurized into marriage so that there would be an heir to the throne. so she made full use of her marriage as part of her political strategies to make her country become a strong power in the world. her marriage went together with her country tightly. ii. the relationship between elizabeth’s marriage and her country1. elizabeth’s first marriage crisisbefore her accession, elizabeth i met the first crisis of her marriage. thomas seymour, baron seymour of sudeley, married catherine, who was the last wife of henry viii. princess elizabeth, was catherine’s ward and immediately after her father’s death she began to live with her stepmother in chelsea. therefore thomas had the guardianship of elizabeth. thomas, who was overly ambitious, started to make advances towards elizabeth. the loud and boisterous seymour began to sneak into ‘the lady elizabeth’s chamber before she was ready, and sometimes before she did rise; andif she were up he would bid her good morrow and ask how she did, and strike her upon the back or on the buttocks familiarly....’2 as gossip began to spread, catherine sent her away to the house of anthony denny. but thomas’ fervent desire was to unseat and replace his brother as lord protector and by the end of 1548 everyone knew of his plans. on 18th january, the council sent agents to question everyone around thomas, including princess elizabeth. hampton court palace with the union jack flying hampton court palace is a former royal palace in the london borough of richmond upon thames, south west london, united kingdom. ... although elizabeth loved thomas seymour, she used her own wit and calmness by writing to edward seymour to show her innocence. after almost being seduced by thomas seymour, elizabeth learned to be much more careful in her interactions with men, which had a great influence on her later marriage strategy. getting rid of this crisis successfully, elizabeth kept the access to the throne of england and the chances of changing the country and the world.2. elizabeth’s marriage and the religion disputesat the start of her reign, elizabeth used her marriage todeal with the issues of the country,especially the religious problem. the catholic mary tudor’s five year-reign of religious intolerance - during which elizabeth was briefly imprisoned in the tower of london - had earned her the sobriquet “bloody mary”. at that time, england was confused by the religious issue and because of the wrong religious policy adopted by her brother king award and her sister queen mary; the religious issue became more and more dangerous. it endangered the stability of regime and the unity of england. so she received offers of marriage from the king of spain. he had been married to elizabeth’s half-sister, mary, and spain was seen as a friendly nation in 1558. as elizabeth was pushing through a religious settlement that put protestantism very much at the forefront in england and wales, the very idea of marrying a staunch roman catholic was unacceptable to many people. the king of spain wanted to change elizabeth into a catholic by using their marriage. the religion was making it difficult for the queen to marry. elizabeth was in a difficult situation. if she married, then she risked her popularity and support for her regime. however, elizabeth didn’t express her own attitude towards the king of spain immediately. and she also didn’t express her own attitude towards catholicand the protestants clearly. she made use of this period to deal with the religious problem. that was the first time that elizabeth had used her marriage strategy to deal with the religious dispute. historian reviewed that the religious policy of queen elizabeth was very successful. it saved england from the civil war and laid a good foundation for the future of england. that was the first time that elizabeth had tied her marriage with her country.3. elizabeth’s marriage and her foreign policy elizabeth treated the marriage issue as an aspect of foreign policy to deal with the international affairs. elizabeth began as an ally of her brother-in-law, the “most catholic king of spain”.3 the spanish king tolerated protestant elizabeth because england was weak and he needed england’s support in the war against france. elizabeth used her marriage to deal with not only the religious problem but the relationships with other countries as well. though she turned down philip ii’s own offer in 1559, she negotiated for several years to marry his cousin archduke charles of austria. in order to make an alliance against spanish control of the southern netherlands, elizabeth then considered marriage to two french valois princes in turn, first henri, duke of anjou.for over twenty years, elizabeth had been courted by the most eligible men in europe. the marriage strategy had come to be an important part of foreign relations, and a valuable asset to the country. when it seemed that england was losing friends, or in times when england needed friends, all elizabeth had to do was suggest marriage to the respective countries, and regardless of whether she intended to marry or not, the prospect of marriage to the english queen was too big a bait to resist, and elizabeth could be assured of their support for the foreseeable future.iii. conclusionelizabeth was a very bright woman and a very shrewd politician. her reign was a golden age that every english man was proud of. elizabeth used her own marriage to deal with the religious problem and the foreign affairs. she tied her marriage with the development of her country. her marriage was the bridges among the european countries and the insurances to win the wars. as a queen of england, she sacrificed her own marriage and happiness to obtain the stability and prosperity of her country.bibliography1. somerset, anne. elizabeth i. new york: anchor books, 2003.2. j.e., neale. elizabeth i, trans. nie wenqi. beijing: the commercial press, 1993.3. lara e. eakins. “elizabeth: queen of england.”http:// www. /elizabeth/.4. liu, jifu. “the queen elizabeth’s foreign policy.”history teaching. 2007. 68-69.5. strachey, l.. elizabeth and essex: a tragic history, trans. zhuoli. shanxi: the hope press, 2006.6. winston s. churchill. a history of the english-speaking peoples, trans. xue liming and linlin. beijing: xinhua press, 1995.7. yang, yulin. “elizabeth i and her aristocrats.”journal of shandong normal university. 1993. 39-42.8. zheng, rulin. “the queen elizabeth’s reformation.”journal of south china normal university. 1992. 97-104.9. zhou, baodi. a survey of major english-speaking countries. chongqing: the chongqing university press, 2004.10. zhu, xiaoyuan. “a step for the country’s stability: the elizabeth’s religious toleration policy.”xue hai. 2008. 901.1 anniina jokinen, “queen elizabeth i (1533-1603)”, nov. 10, 2008. on-line. available from/renlit/elizabio.htm2 “thomas seymour, 1st baron seymour of sudeley”, nov. 15, 2008. on-line. available from/encyclopedia/thomas-seymour,-1st-baron-seymour-of-sudeley3 zhou baodi, a survey of major english-speaking countries (chongqing: the chongqing university press, 2004), 108.。