• Learn to appreciate dirns 常见主题 Auteur[ɔ:'tə:] Theory 作者论
Structuralism
结构主义理论 Feminism and Gender Studies
女性主义和性别研究
Life Philosophies人生哲学
• More commonly, films will present a protagonist whose lifestyle is, at the same time, a life philosophy; and ,through the relative success or failure of that character, we assess the validity(合理性) of that philosophy. Conversely, we may observe the validity of the opposing life philosophy by watching the fortunes of the antagonist. • 通常，电影中的主人公的生活方式就代表一种人生哲 学；通过表现这个角色的成功和失败，电影让观众对 这种人生哲学的合理性进行思考。发过来，通过观察 反面角色的命运，我们也可以观察这种人生哲学的对 立面是否有合理性。
Auteur[ɔ:'tə:] Theory 作者论
• The auteur, then, was a person who was able to stamp his own identity on(在…上打上印记) a film despite the commercial restraints of the studio system.所谓“作者”， 就是在商业化的电影工厂制度的种种局限下仍然可以在电影中烙 上自己独特烙印的人。 • The auteur was contrasted to the metteur en scene(法语， 匠人), the director for hire for whom directing films was a job(or at most a craft) rather than an art form.与作者相反的 就是“匠人”，指的是为别人工作，把导演工作作为一种职业 （或作为一种技巧），而不是作为一种艺术创作。 • It allows the critic to gather together separate works into definite groupings that can be analyzed on the basis of their distinctive stylistic and thematic features, and it helps to draw attention to the work of some of the most creative figures working in the film industry.批评家们可以借助作者论 分析电影的独特风格和主题，并依此把不同的电影作品分类。同 时，作者论还可以让我们更加关注电影界最才华横溢的那些人物 的作品。
Social/Cultural/Technological Changes 社会、文化、技术变革
• Cinema is a living art form, and as such it tends to respond rapidly to social, cultural, and technological changes. Films concerned with “change”(of whatever kind) provide the audience with a space in which to visualize and adapt to its consequences. • 电影是一种活的艺术，常常对社会、文化和技术变 革做出迅速的反应。谈论“变革”（无论何种变革） 的电影创造了一个空间，让观众可以将这种变革的 结果形象化，并且更好地适应它。《骇客帝国》中 的“超真实”；《美国丽人》探讨的媒体对人类感 情的影响。
Psychoanalysis and the Spectator['spek,teitə] 心理分析理论和观众 Politics and Ideology 政治和意识形态
Theme主题
• The theme of a film is its main point, it is what the scriptwriter and director want to tell us.主题 是一部电影的主要观点，是编剧和导演想要传达给我 们的思想。 • Theme is the controlling idea of the film which takes the form of a generalized comment about life-a special understanding of human experience.主题是电影的中心思想，是对于生活的 一种概括性观点，反映了人类经历的独出心裁的理解。 • It unifies the film and makes it intellectually and emotionally coherent.主题把电影统一起来，让电 影在思想上和情绪上保持和谐一致。
Historical Issues历史问题
• Themes commonly emerge as responses to specific historical periods or events, especially if they are foundational and/or controversial and/or have a continuing relevance today. • 主题也常常是对某个特定历史时期或者历史事件 的反映，尤其是一些重要的、有争议的或影响至 今的事件，也可能几方面兼而有之。（在西方， 罗马帝国是一个特别常见的主题，因为罗马帝国 让西方成为一个一致的政治和地理实体。《罗马 帝国的灭亡》、《埃及艳后》和《角斗士》）
Religious and Ethical Concerns 宗教和伦理问题
• The West is a fundamentally Christian culture, and the power of the Christian faith to determine the shape of one’s spirituality and ethical values remains strong. Some films focus on the spiritual aspects of religion(such as the desire to transcend超越 the everyday world or to know God) while others focus on the ethical values that derive from religion(such as the notions of sin and of evil). • 西方世界根本上是一种基督教文化，其力量能够左 右人们的精神和伦理观念。有些电影着眼于宗教对 心灵的影响（如超越世俗生活、认识上帝的愿望）， 有些则探讨了宗教衍生出的伦理价值观念（例如罪 与恶的概念）。
Nations and National Characteristics 国家和国民特征
• Films are produced by men and women from certain nations for consumption by target audiences who also belong to certain national groups. For this reason, they often respond on a thematic level to national concerns. They may do so by presenting characters who embody体 现 certain aspect of their “national character”, or by exploring the consequences of national values and attitudes. • 电影的制作者们来自某个国家，他们制作电影也是为 了给这个国家的观众观看。因此，电影的主题常常是 某个国家所关心的问题。电影可以让其中的角色表现 出某些“国家特征”，或者探索国家的价值观念及态 度可能带来的结果。
Critical Perspectives
评论角度
Lecture5 Critical Perspectives
• The definition of theme
• Feminism and gender studies
• Typical thematic concerns
• Auteur theory
Broad Human Concerns 广泛的人类问题
• Themes commonly reflect the most basic and universal human concerns such as love, the nature of humanity, ethical concerns, the meaning of human existence, and the possibility/impossibility of a divine force guiding human affairs. • 主题反映的常常是人类最基本、最具有共性的 问题，例如爱情、人性的本质、伦理问题、人 类生存的意义和引导人类发展的神力是否存在 等等。
Typical Thematic Concerns 常见主题
• • • • • Broad Human Concerns广泛的人类问题 Life Philosophies人生哲学 Religious and Ethical Concerns宗教和伦理问题 Historical Issues历史问题 Nations and National Characteristics国家和国民 特征 • Social/Cultural/Technological Changes社会、文 化、技术变革 • Social Problems社会问题