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扩展英语段落写作的方法介绍
1 举例法(examples)
举例就是用具体生动的事例来阐述作者的观点和见解的一种最简捷、最有
效的方法。

也就是说，它用具体的事例来阐述主题句中的主导思想。

用具体的
事例来扩展主题句是最常用的写作方法之一。

它不仅使文章通俗易懂，而且还
给读者留下深刻印象，使文章更具有说服力。

在选择例证时要选择最能支持你
的观点，最有说服力的句子。

例子的多少主要由文章的长短而定。

[例]
Sports and games do a lot of good to our health. They can make usstrong, prevent us from getting too fat, and keep us healthy. Especiallythey can be of great value to people who work with their brains most ofthe day, for sports and games give people valuable practice in exercisingthe body.
例子中的第一句是主题句，即sports and games do a lot of good
toour health.在此主题句中的主导思想是a lot of good.以下事例都是来进
一步阐述主题中的主导思想的，即用具体事实来支持主题句中的观点。

2 定义法(definition)
这了避免混乱和误解，写作时应对读者不熟悉或有多种解释的单词、术语、概念下定义;所以定义法是文章写作中常见的一种方法。

定义法主要以下几种方法：
2.1 运用同义词或词组来解释某一术语或新词。

例如：
To mend means to repair.
2.2 用含有定语从句的句子为术语下定义。

以定语从句下定义是最普遍的
手段。

这种手段一般包括三个组成部分：A 术语(term);B 术语所属的类别(class);C 该术语与同类别其它事物的区别(difference).这种句子定义法的句型如下：
Term(术语)=its general class(基本属类)+ how it is different 例如：
A generator is an apparatus which produces electricity.
2.3 扩展式定义：有时一个术语或概念比较复杂或比较重要，用同义词定
义或用句子定义还不能够明确解释清楚，或容易与其它同类词混淆时，则有必
要使用扩展式定义。

扩展式定义的特点是先写被定义的术语，然后再用具体实
例证明，并使之与易混的概念区别开来。

例如：
Poetry is a branch of literature which explores ideas, emotions, andexperiences in a distinctive form and style. Poetry, sometimes called“verse”, depends greatly on the natural rhythms and sounds of languagefor its special effects. Poetry, even more than prose (all other writings)，depends on precise and suggestive wording. In other words, a poem saysmuch in little space. Poetry differs from prose in obvious way, also. Mostoften the first word of every line begins with a capital letter, even in themiddle of sentence. Poems sometimes contain rhyme, and often they havea particular rhythm, like music.
3 因果法(development by cause and effect)
论述因果关系应首先阐明事物发生的原因，然后再论述其结果。

但在有些情况下可能只说明事情的成因，或者只陈述其结果。

在学术研究的各个领域里，因果关系的写作是必不可少的。

We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit because itcauses health problems.Doctors say it can be a direct cause of cancer ofthe lungs and throats and can also contribute to cancer to other organs.Besides, it can bring about other health problems such
as heart lungdiseases…It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death inour society.
因果法常用词汇有：
3.1 动词：引述原因的有：to result from; to be the result of; to be dueto; to be a c onsequence of…引述结果的有：to lead to; to contribute to; to result in; to be thecause of, cause…
3.2 常用有介词和介词短语有：because of, owing to, on account of.
3.3 常用来表示原因的连词有：because, as, since. For, in that, nowthat, seeing that, considering that,
3.4 常用来表示结果的语言素材有：so that, so…that,
such…that,therefore, as a result, consequently, according ly, thus 等。