细胞生物学cell bioloyy细胞形态学cytomorPhology细胞化学cvtochemistry医学细胞生物学medical cell biology细胞生理学CytOPhysiOIOgy细胞动力学cytodynamics分子细胞生物学molecular cell biology细胞遗传学cytogenetics细胞学说cell theory光学显微镜light microscope超薄切片ultrathin section细胞培养cell culture荧光显微镜fluorescence microscope显微结构microscopic structure原代培养Primary culture相差显微镜phase contrast microscope超微结构ultrastructure传代培养subculture倒置显微镜inverted microscope共焦激光扫描显微镜confocal laser scanning microscoPe，CLSM 接触抑制contact inhibiton暗视野显微镜dark field microscope冷冻蚀刻复型freeze etching rePlica非细胞体系cellfree system电子显微镜clectron microscope冷冻割断freeze fracture差速离心dfferential centifugation透射电子显微镜transmission electron microscope，TEM原生质ProtoPlasm肽键peptide bond非膜相结构non-membranous structure生物大分子biological macromolecule磷酸二酯键PhosPhodiester bond细胞骨架cytoskeleton蛋白质ProteinDNA deoxyribonucleic acid核酸nucleic acid原核细胞prokaryotic cell糖类sugars真核细胞eukaryQtic cell脂类lipid膜相结构membranous structure氢键hydrogen bond细胞膜cell membrance细胞外被cell coat膜内在蛋白integral Protein膜外周蛋白peripheral protein跨膜蛋白transmembrane protein蛋白聚糖proteoglycan生物膜biomembran兼性分子amphipathic molecule单位膜unit membrane流动镶嵌模型find mosaic model膜转运蛋白membrane transport protein载体蛋白carrier protein通道蛋白channel protein离子泵ionic pump钠钾泵Na+－K+ pump钙泵Ca2+pump主动转运active transport被动转运passive transport细胞内膜系统cell endomembrane system自噬体autoPhagosome残质体residual body粒溶作用granulgsis自溶作用autocytolysis异噬作用heteroPhagy顶体acrosome初级溶酶体primary lysosome次级溶酶体secondary lysosome信号肽signal peptideSRP signal recognition particle蛋白质糖基化proteinglycosylation多聚核糖体polyribosome肌质网sarcoplasmic reticulum内网器internal reticular apparatu膜流membrane flow线粒体mitochondria线粒体嵴mitochondriacristae基本微粒elementary particle半自主性细胞器semiautonomous organelle F1 偶联因子F1 factor呼吸链respiratory chainmtDNA mitochondrial DNA细胞呼吸ellular respiration三羧酸循环tricarboxylic acid cycle氧化磷酸化oxidative phosphorylation微管microtubule微管结合蛋白microtubule combined Protein微管组织中心microtubule organizing centers，MTOC 微丝microfilament肌动蛋白actin肌球蛋白myosin中等纤维intermediate filament纺锤体spindle中心体centrosome9X2十2型9X2＋2 type细胞核nucleus核质比nucleo-cytoplasmiC ratio核孔复合体nuclear Pore comPlex核纤层nuclearlamina染色体chromosome核小体nucleosome常染色质euchromatin异染色质heterochromatin染色单体chromatid着丝粒centromere次缢痕secondary constriction随体satellite核基质nuclear matrix核型karyotype核仁nucleolus核仁组织区nucleolar organizing region，NOR翻译translation遗传密码genetic code密码子codon多聚核糖体polyribosome起始复合物initiation complex起始因子initiation factor延伸因子elongation factor释放因子release factor核糖体ribosome核糖体循环ribosotne、ycleA位aminoacyl site，A siteP位PePtidyl site，P site肽基转移酶位PePtidyl transferase siteGTP酶位GTPase site游离核糖体free ribosome附着核糖体attachedribosome密码子简并性codon deyeneracy有丝分裂mitosis限制点restriction point有丝分裂间期interphase分裂期mitosis phase细胞核周期nuclear Phase细胞分裂周期基因cell division cycle gene，cdcgene DNA合成期DNA synthesis PhaseDNA合成前期gapDNA合成后期gap E有丝分裂器mitotic apparatus前期prophase中期metaphase后期anaphase末期telophase着丝点kinetochore纺锤体sPindle极间微管polar microtubule着丝点微管kinetochore microtubule区间微管interzonal microtubule细胞分化cell differentiation去分化dedifferentiation基因差次表达gene differential expression胚胎诱导embryonic induction奢侈基因luxury gene管家基因house－keePing gene干细胞stem cell全能性totipotent多能细胞pluripotent cell单能细胞unipotent cell癌基因oncogene细胞衰老cell aging细胞死亡cell death自由基free radical细胞坏死性死亡necrosis分辨率resolution光学显微镜light microscope细胞培养cell culture细胞融合cell fusion悬浮培养suspensio culture悬滴培养hanging drop culture原代培养primary culture继代培养secondary culture连续培养continuous culture显微分光光度计microspectrophotometer 蛋白质protein氨基酸amino acid肽链peptide chain肽键peptide bond酶enzyme核酸nucleic acid核糖ribose脱氧核糖deoxyribose核苷nucleoside生物大分子biological macromolecule病毒virus支原体mycoplasma单位膜unit membrane原核细胞prokaryotic cell原核生物prokaryote真核细胞eukaryotic cell真核细胞eukaryote细胞表面cell surface液态镶嵌模型fluid mosaic model微绒毛microvillus纤毛cilia鞭毛flagellum闭锁连接occluding junction黏合连接adhering junction通讯连接communicating junction细胞外基质extracellular matrix被动运输passive transport主动运输active transport易化扩散facilitated diffusion协同运输coupled transport胞吞作用endocytosis胞饮作用pinocytosis胞吐作用exocytosis吞噬作用phagocytosis膜受体membrane receptor细胞识别cell recognition信号转导signal transduction膜抗原membrane antigen细胞质基质cytoplasmic matrix内膜系统endomembrane system内质网endoplasmic reticulum ER光面：SER 糙面：RER高尔基复合体Golgi complex扁平囊saccule初级溶酶体primary lysosome次级溶酶体secondary lysosome自噬性溶酶体autolysosome异噬性溶酶体heterolysosome过氧化物酶体peroxisome跨膜运输across membrane transport囊泡运输vesicles transport内膜系统endomembrane system运输小泡transport vesicle信号肽signal peptide自溶作用autolysis外膜outer membrane内膜inner membrane线粒体mitochondrion嵴cristae导肽leading peptide细胞氧化cell oxidation呼吸链respiratory chain氧化磷酸化oxidative phosphorylation核糖体ribosome结构蛋白质structural protein输出蛋白质export protein信号识别颗粒signal recognition particle,SRP 细胞骨架cytoskeleton微管microtubule微丝microfilament中间纤维intermediate filament核孔复合体nuclear pore complex,NPC染色质chromatin染色体chromosome核小体nucleosome端粒telomere核基质neclear matrix断裂基因split gene转录transcription有丝分裂mitosis减数分裂meiosis无丝分裂联会synapsis细胞周期cell cycle细胞分化cell differentiation细胞全能性totipotency奢侈基因luxury gene管家基因housekeeping gene去分化dedifferentiation细胞衰老cellular aging细胞死亡cell death细胞调亡apoptosis凋亡小体apoptotic body干细胞stem cell胚胎干细胞embryonic stem cell 成体干细胞somatic stem cell全能干细胞totipotent stem cell 多能干细胞pluripotent stem cell 单能干细胞unipotent stem cell 癌细胞cancer细胞培养cell culture细胞系cell line细胞株cell strain基因转导gene transfer原代培养primary culture传代培养subculture克隆clone转基因transgene。