Separation Process
The separation process may be defined as those operations which transform a mixture of substances into two or more products which differ from one another in composition.
Why Separate？
In Human Body
Separation processes: Our life depends on these
静脉 动脉 肾小球
输尿管
Kidney: the perfect ultrafilter
Critical separations in human body
Separation of oxygen from air and of CO2 from blood in the lungs Selective removal of water and waste products of metabolism from blood in the kidneys Selective absorption of nutrients in the intestines.

Separation processes
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Liquid-liquid extraction 液液萃取 Adsorption 吸附 Filtration 过滤 Solid-liquid extraction (leaching) 固液萃取 Elution chromatography 洗脱色谱 Membrane separation processes 膜分离 Distillation 精馏 Affinity separation processes 亲和分离 Drying and evaporation 干燥和蒸发 Freeze-drying 冷冻干燥 Precipitation 沉淀 Crystallization 结晶 Electrophoresis 电泳 Centrifugation 离心分离 Mechanical sieving 机械筛分
Example: Production of p-xylene

para ortho
1 . 16

para meta
1 . 02
Distillation
Crystallization
Separation processes The legacy
Examples for early separation techniques
Technological and use maturities of separation processes
100
90 Distillation 80 Absorption 70 Cry stallization Azeotropic Distillation Extraction

Principles Applications Calculations
教学目标---Objective
利用已学的物理化学、化工原理、 化工热力学、传递过程等课程中有 关相平衡热力学和动力学机理，传 热、传质和动量传递理论来研究化 工生产实际中复杂物系的分离和提 纯技术。
着重基本概论的理解，为分离过 程的选择、特性分析和计算奠定基 础。从分离过程的共性出发，讨论 各种分离方法的特征。强调将工程 和工艺相结合的观点及设计和分析 能力的训练；强调理论联系实际， 提高解决问题的能力。
分离过程 Separation process
class hours:36 credits:2
胡大乔 Email:hudaqiao@ QQ:251039726
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参考教材
Textbook
J.D.Seader, E.J.Henley. Separation Process Principles
2004
References---Books
■ Phillip C. Wankat Separation Process Engineering (2006) ■ J.L.Humphrey, G.E. Keller Separation Process Technology (1997) ■ Kirk-othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed, New York, Wiley. ■ Cary Judson King Separation processes (1980) ■ Ernest J. Henley, J. D. Seader Equilibrium-stage separation operations in chemical engineering (1981)
What isir, N2/O2) separation
What is Separation?
纯组分变成混合物，是熵增自发过程，反之， 混合物变成纯净物则需作功。
Mixing is inherent in nature: The increase in entropy associated with the randomness of a mixture lowers the Gibbs free energy. To “unmix” a solution we must overcome the entropic driving force to mix.
1.1 传质分离过程的分类 Classes of Separation Operation 1.2 分离过程的研究和技术开发 Study on Separation Process and Development
• 主要内容及要求： 了解分离操作在化工生产中的重要性， 分离过程的分类。 了解化工分离过程的研发现状和发展 趋势。
Course objective
Get an overview on separation processes relevant to the chemical and process industry Learn some of these separation processes in varying degrees of detail:
Salt by evaporating sea water 晒盐 Metals extracted from ores 冶金 Perfumes extracted from plants 香料提取 Various drinks, medicines extracted from plants 天然饮料和药物生产 Liquors distilled from plants 果酒生产
What is Separation?
借助一定的分离剂，实现混合物中的组分分级 （Fractionalization）、浓缩 （Concentration）、富集（Enrichment）、 纯化（Purification）、精制（Refining）与 隔离（Isolation）等的过程称为分离过程。
References---Journals
AIChE Journal, ACS
Chemical Engineering Science, Elsevier Science
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, ACS Chemical Engineering Technology, Wiley
教学要求---Requirements
掌握各种常用分离过程的基 本原理，操作特点，简捷和 严格计算方法，强化改进分 离过程操作的途径，并了解 一些新型分离技术。
教学课时：36课时 考核方式：考试 成绩：70（期末）+ 15（平时到堂率）+ 15（小组presentation)
第一章 绪 论
第一章 绪 论 Chapter 1 Introduction
1998
2006
J. D. Seader
2002
J. D. Seader
1. Development of new mathematical methods for solving large sets of nonlinear equations to obtain multiple solutions. 2. Mathematical studies of computer- aided process synthesis and design.
• large scale • economical
Example: Centrifugation
Example: Distillation
Distillation Column
Example: Refinery of crude oil
Refinery for converting crude oil into a variety of marketable products.
Analytical Separations
• small scale • quantitative analysis Preparative Separations
Example: Chromatography
• small scale • materials for R&D Industrial Separations
In Industry
Why Separate？
• 工程应用需要纯物质（如半导体材料）；Need for pure material in engineering application (semiconductors) • 原料提纯； Preparation of raw materials into their components • 材料加工需要纯物质；Need for pure material for materials processing • 有毒有害物质或非活性物质的去除（如药物）；Need to remove toxins or inactive components from solution (drugs) • 测试或检测用超纯标准品； Need for ultrapure samples for testing • 混合物组成检测（如DNA检测）；Need for analysis of the components of the mixture (DNA testing) • ……