2008届高考英语写作辅导材料（一）句法总论一、句子的成分与句子结构：（一）主语是句子中所要说的人或事物，是句子的主要成分，不可缺少。
1)The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing. (名词作主语)2)He sent me an E-mail last Friday. (代词作主语)3)It is a rule for my mother to go shopping on Sundays. (不定式短语作主语)4)Reading the texts aloud is especially important for Senior Three students. (动名词短语作主语)5)What the teacher said is very funny. (从句作主语)（二）谓语是说明主语的动作或状态，是句子的主要成分，不可缺少，在主语之后。
1)They said nothing, looking coldly at the teacher in charge of the class. (及物动词作谓语)2)Classes begin at seven today, we must get up quickly. (不及物动词作谓语)3)We don’t have classes at weekends after reducing learning load. (助动词+ 动词作谓语)4)I was really anxious. You shouldn’t have left without a word. (情态动词+ 动词作谓语)5)The leaves have turned yellow in autumn. (联系动词+ 表语作谓语)（三）表语用在联系动词的后面，表示主语的身份、性质和特征，位于连系动词之后；系动词与表语一起构成谓语。
1)Walt Disney was a famous cartoon-maker. （名词作表语）2)The days in summer are getting hotter and hotter these years. (形容词作表语)3)The computer in the room is hers. (代词作表语)4)My greatest wish is to enter Qinghua University. (不定式短语作表语)5)Her job is looking after the babies. （动名词短语作表语）6)The audience was moved by the moving play. (分词作表语)7)This is what I want to say. (从句作表语)（四）宾语是及物动词涉及的对象，介词后面的对象也是宾语，称为介词宾语。
宾语在及物动词或介词后面。
有少数动词可以带双宾语。
1)John doesn’t like football but he likes music very much. （名词作宾语）2)We’ve worked out a plan. But I’m uncertain whether it will do in practice. （名词作介词的宾语）3)Tom is a kind man. He is always ready to help others. （代词作宾语）4)Stop reading and read after me, please. (动名词作宾语)5)I succeeded in persuading the teacher to give me a day off. (动名词短语作介词的宾语)6)Don’t forget to turn off the lights when you leave the room. (不定式短语作宾语)7)The doctor did what he could to save the dying patient. (从句作宾语)8)I’ll find you a good chance as long as you won’t lose heart.（间接宾语和直接宾语）9)She promised me a nice gift on Christmas Day. （间接宾语和直接宾语）（五）宾语补足语补充说明宾语，使句子意思更加完整。
当句子变成被动语态时则称为主语补足语。
宾语补足语一般置于宾语之后。
1)Marx made London the base for his revolutionary work. （名词作宾补）2)What he said made his father happy. （形容词作宾补）3)I asked Jim to attend my birthday party. （不定式短语作宾补）4)He made me do the work all by myself. (省略to的不定式短语作宾补)5)Don’t have the horse running all the way. (现在分词作宾补)6)I’ll go and get the chair repaired. (过去分词作宾补)（六）定语修饰或限制名词或代词。
单词作定语，一般放在被修饰的词语之前；短语或从句作定语，一般放在修饰语之后。
1)Grammar is not a set of dead rules. （形容词作定语）2)It is a coffee cup. （名词作定语）3)Our teacher’s hair has turned grey. （名词所有格作定语）4)My students corrected each other’s mistakes in their classroom. (代词作定语)5)Be quiet, boys and girls! I have something important to tell you. （不定式短语作定语）6)There is a sleeping chair before the window. （动名词作定语）7)I saw a sleeping baby in the room. There is a broken glass beside the bed. (分词作定语)8)The workers working in the department will go on holiday. (分词短语作定语)9)There are fifty-six students in our class. (数词作定语)10)The woman with a book in his hand is our English teacher. （with的复合结构作定语）11)The man to whom you spoke is my neighbour. （从句作定语）（七）状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。
1)Our monitor studies hard. （副词作状语）2)They started early (in order) to get to the station on time. （不定式短语作目的状语）3)To be a teacher of the people, one must first be their pupil. （目的状语放在句首更好）4)The old man lived to see the rapid development of our country. (不定式短语作结果状语)5)Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful. （过去分词短语作状语）6)Looking out of the window, I saw many birds flying in the sky. (现在分词短语作状语)7)Mr. Brown slept with the windows open. (with的复合结构作状语)8)We’ll go outing if it is fine tomorrow. （从句作状语）二、句子的定义和分类（一）句子的定义：句子是用来描述一件事情，表达一个思想，提出一个问题，它是有一定的语法结构排列组成的。
独立主格结构不能看作句子。
The football is in the box. 足球在箱子里放着。
The key having been lost, she could not enter the room. 钥匙丢了，她进不了房间。
（二）句子的分类根据句子的结构来分，句子可分为：简单句、并列句、复合句。
英语中的任何书面句子都应该是三类句型中的一类，如果一个句子不属于这三类句子，则是一个错句。
◆1、简单句：句中只含有一个主语或并列主语和一个谓语或并列谓语的句子叫做简单句。
I study English every day. （一个主谓结构）My mother and I went out and bought a lot of things. （一个主谓结构）◆2、并列句：由并列连词或分号把两个以上(含两个)的简单句连在一起的句子叫做并列句。
在并列句中，各个简单句意思完整，不受其他简单句的影响。
常见的并列连词有but, and, so, while, for, or, otherwise, whereas 等。
These flowers are white；those flowers are red。
（两个主谓结构，分号连接）I am a worker while my brother is a professor. （两个主谓结构，并列连词连接）◆3、复合句：包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导。
凡是带有名词从句，状语从句和定语从句的句子都属于复合句。
Whether he comes or not doesn't make any difference to me . （名词从句）I was doing my homework when my father came back.（状语从句）Taxes consist of money that people pay to support their government. （定语从句）2008届高考英语写作辅导材料（二）观点式写作的常见表达方式一、高级句法结构（1）There is no doubt that …毫无疑问，……（2）To a large extent, …；to some degree/extent, …在很大(一定)程度上，……（3）As a proverb says…；As a saying goes, …正如谚语说得好，……（4）It’s known to us that…；As is known to all, …众所周知，……（5）It’s high time that…早该……（6）No one can deny that…没有人可以否认……（7）There is no denying the fact that…无法否认……（8）Frankly speaking/To be frank, …坦白地说……（9）We take it for granted that…我们理所当然地认为……（10）People adopt different attitudes towards…人们对……有不同的态度（11）In a certain sense, …在某种意义上……（12）It must be kept in mind that…必须记住……（13）It is plain common sense that………是一个浅显的常识（14）It must be admitted that…必须承认……（15）It is universally acknowledged that…大家都知道（承认）……（16）I tend to believe that…我倾向于相信……（17）It is usually the case that … 通常会……（18）It is obvious (evident) that…很明显……（19）Some people hold the opinion that…有人认为……（20）As far as I am concerned, …就我而言，……（21）I am greatly convinced/assured that…我深信……（22）It goes without saying th at………是不言而喻的（23）It is thought/said/expected/believed that…据认为/说/期望/相信……（24）It is widely held/accepted that…人们普遍认为……（25）…is of vital importance ……是很重要的（26）…is my preference/ I have a preference for…我偏向于……（27）The dominant idea/opinion is that…主流观点是……（大部分人认为……）（28）There is a tendency that…人们倾向于……（29）There is a growing concern about…人们越来越关注……（30）It will inevitably result in…这将不可避免地导致……（31）worse still / to make matters worse, 更糟糕的是……（插入语）（32）A is to B what C is to D. A对B来说就好比C对D一样。