全国中考数学压轴题精选(六)51.(08湖南郴州27题)(本题满分10分)如图10,平行四边形ABCD 中,AB =5,BC =10,BC 边上的高AM =4,E 为 BC 边上的一个动点(不与B 、C 重合).过E 作直线AB 的垂线,垂足为F . FE 与DC 的延长线相交于点G ,连结DE ,DF .. (1) 求证:ΔBEF ∽ΔCEG .(2) 当点E 在线段BC 上运动时,△BEF 和△CEG 的周长之间有什么关系?并说明你的理由. (3)设BE =x ,△DEF 的面积为 y ,请你求出y 和x 之间的函数关系式,并求出当x 为何值时,y 有最大值,最大值是多少?(08湖南郴州27题解析)(1) 因为四边形ABCD 是平行四边形, 所以AB DG · 1分 所以,B GCE G BFE ∠=∠∠=∠所以BEF CEG △∽△ ··············································································· 3分 (2)BEF CEG △与△的周长之和为定值. ···················································· 4分 理由一:过点C 作FG 的平行线交直线AB 于H ,因为GF ⊥AB ,所以四边形FHCG 为矩形.所以 FH =CG ,FG =CH 因此,BEF CEG △与△的周长之和等于BC +CH +BH由 BC =10,AB =5,AM =4,可得CH =8,BH =6, 所以BC +CH +BH =24 ················································································ 6分 理由二:由AB =5,AM =4,可知在Rt △BEF 与Rt △GCE 中,有:4343,,,5555EF BE BF BE GE EC GC CE ====,所以,△BEF 的周长是125BE , △ECG 的周长是125CE 又BE +CE =10,因此BEF CEG 与的周长之和是24. ··································· 6分 (3)设BE =x ,则43,(10)55EF x GC x ==- 图10MBDCEF Gx AA M xH GFED CB所以21143622[(10)5]2255255y EF DG x x x x ==-+=-- ······························· 8分 配方得:2655121()2566y x =--+. 所以,当556x =时,y 有最大值. ·································································· 9分最大值为1216. ···························································································· 10分52(08湖南郴州28题)(本题满分10分)如图13,在平面直角坐标系中,圆M 经过原点O ,且与x 轴、y 轴分别相交于()()8006A B --,、,两点.(1)求出直线AB 的函数解析式;(2)若有一抛物线的对称轴平行于y 轴且经过点M ,顶点C 在⊙M 上,开口向下,且经过点B ,求此抛物线的函数解析式;(3)设(2)中的抛物线交x 轴于D 、E 两点,在抛物线上是否存在点P ,使得ABC PDE S S ∆∆=101?若存在,请求出点P 的坐标;若不存在,请说明理由.(08湖南郴州28题解析)解:(1)设AB 的函数表达式为.b kx y +=∵()(),6,0,0,8--B A ∴⎩⎨⎧=-+-=.6,80b b k ∴⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧-=-=.6,43b k∴直线AB 的函数表达式为364y x =--. ························································· 3分 (2)设抛物线的对称轴与⊙M 相交于一点,依题意知这一点就是抛物线的顶点C 。
又设对称轴与x 轴相交于点N ,在直角三角形AOB 中,.10682222=+=+=OB AO AB因为⊙M 经过O 、A 、B 三点,且为AB AOB ∴=∠,90⊙M 的直径,∴半径MA=5,∴N 为AO 的中点AN=NO=4,∴MN=3∴CN=MC-MN=5-3=2,∴C 点的坐标为(-4,2). 设所求的抛物线为c bx ax y ++=2则⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧-=-=-=∴⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧=-+-=-=-.6,4,21.6,4162,42c b a c c b a a b ∴所求抛物线为21462y x x =--- ·································································· 7分 (3)令,0.64212=---x x 得D 、E 两点的坐标为D (-6,0)、E (-2,0),所以DE=4. 又AC=∴=,54,52BC 直角三角形的面积.20545221=••=∆ABC S假设抛物线上存在点()1,2010121101,±=∴•=••=∆∆y y DE S S y x p ABC PDE ,即使得.当.641;241±-=-=±-==x y x y 时,当时,故满足条件的存在.它们是()()()()123442,1,42,1,46,1,46,1P P P P -+---+----. ······················ 10分53(08湖南湘潭26题)(本题满分10分)已知抛物线2y ax bx c =++经过点A (5,0)、B (6,-6)和原点. (1)求抛物线的函数关系式;(2)若过点B 的直线y kx b '=+与抛物线相交于点C (2,m ),请求出∆OBC 的面积S 的值. (3)过点C 作平行于x 轴的直线交y 轴于点D ,在抛物线对称轴右侧位于直线DC 下方的抛物线上,任取一点P ,过点P 作直线PF 平行于y 轴交x 轴于点F ,交直线DC 于点E . 直线PF 与直线DC 及两坐标轴围成矩形OFED (如图),是否存在点P ,使得∆OCD 与∆CPE 相似?若存在,求出点P 的坐标;若不存在,请说明理由.(08湖南湘潭26题解析)解:(1)由题意得:255036600a b c a b c c ++=⎧⎪++=⎨⎪=⎩2分 解得150a b c =-⎧⎪=⎨⎪=⎩··············································· 3分故抛物线的函数关系式为25y x x =-+ ············ 4分(2)C 在抛物线上,2252,6m m ∴-+⨯=∴= ·· 5分 xy-4-6C EPDB51 246 FA G 2 -2C ∴点坐标为(2,6),B 、C 在直线y kx b '=+上∴6266k b k b '=+⎧⎨'-=+⎩ 解得3,12k b '=-= ∴直线BC 的解析式为312y x =-+ ····························································· 6分设BC 与x 轴交于点G ,则G 的坐标为(4,0)1146462422OBCS∴=⨯⨯+⨯⨯-= ························································· 7分 (3)存在P ,使得OCD ∽CPE ·································································· 8分设P (,)m n ,90ODC E ∠=∠=︒故2,6CE m EP n =-=-若要OCD ∽CPE ,则要OD DC CE EP =或OD DCEP CE=即6226m n =--或6262n m =-- 解得203m n =-或123n m =-又(,)m n 在抛物线上,22035m n n m m =-⎧⎨=-+⎩或21235n mn m m =-⎧⎨=-+⎩解得12211023,,6509m m n n ⎧=⎪=⎧⎪⎨⎨=⎩⎪=⎪⎩或121226,66m m n n ==⎧⎧⎨⎨==-⎩⎩ 故P 点坐标为1050()39,和(6,6)- ······························································· 10分 (只写出一个点的坐标记9分)54.(08湖南永州25题)(10分)如图,二次函数y =ax 2+bx +c (a >0)与坐标轴交于点A 、B 、C 且OA =1,OB =OC =3 . (1)求此二次函数的解析式. (2)写出顶点坐标和对称轴方程.(3)点M 、N 在y =ax 2+bx +c 的图像上(点N 在点M 的右边),且MN ∥x 轴,求以MN 为直径且与x 轴相切的圆的半径.(08湖南永州25题解析)(1)依题意(10)(30)(03)A B C --,,,,,分别代入2y ax bx c =++ 1分解方程组得所求解析式为223y x x =-- ···························································· 4分 (2)2223(1)4y x x x =--=-- ···································································· 5分∴顶点坐标(14)-,,对称轴1x = ····································································· 7分 (3)设圆半径为r ,当MN 在x 轴下方时,N 点坐标为(1)r r +-, ························· 8分 把N 点代入223y x x =--得1172r -+=······················································· 9分 同理可得另一种情形1172r ++=∴圆的半径为1172-+或1172+ 10分55.(08吉林长春27题)(12分)已知两个关于x 的二次函数1y 与当x k =时,217y =;且二次函数2y 的图象的对称轴是直222112()2(0)612y y a x k k y y x x =-+>+=++,,线1x =-.(1)求k 的值;(2)求函数12y y ,的表达式;(3)在同一直角坐标系内,问函数1y 的图象与2y 的图象是否有交点?请说明理由.(08吉林长春27题解析)[解] (1)由22112()2612y a x k y y x x =-++=++, 得22222121()612()2610()y y y y x x a x k x x a x k =+-=++---=++--.又因为当x k =时,217y =,即261017k k ++=,解得11k =,或27k =-(舍去),故k 的值为1.(2)由1k =,得2222610(1)(1)(26)10y x x a x a x a x a =++--=-+++-,所以函数2y 的图象的对称轴为262(1)a x a +=--,于是,有2612(1)a a +-=--,解得1a =-,所以2212212411y x x y x x =-++=++,.(3)由21(1)2y x =--+,得函数1y 的图象为抛物线,其开口向下,顶点坐标为(12),;由22224112(1)9y x x x =++=++,得函数2y 的图象为抛物线,其开口向上,顶点坐标为(19)-,;故在同一直角坐标系内,函数1y 的图象与2y 的图象没有交点.56(08江苏盐城28题)(本题满分12分)如图甲,在△ABC 中,∠ACB 为锐角.点D 为射线BC 上一动点,连接AD ,以AD 为一边且在AD 的右侧作正方形ADEF . 解答下列问题:(1)如果AB=AC ,∠BAC=90º.①当点D 在线段BC 上时(与点B 不重合),如图乙,线段CF 、BD 之间的位置关系为 ▲ ,数量关系为 ▲ .②当点D 在线段BC 的延长线上时,如图丙,①中的结论是否仍然成立,为什么?(2)如果AB≠AC ,∠BAC≠90º,点D 在线段BC 上运动.试探究:当△ABC 满足一个什么条件时,CF ⊥BC (点C 、F 重合除外)?画出相应图形,并说明理由.(画图不写作法)(3)若AC =42,BC=3,在(2)的条件下,设正方形ADEF 的边DE 与线段CF 相交于点P ,求线段CP 长的最大值.(08江苏盐城28题解析)(1)①CF 与BD 位置关系是 垂 直、数量关系是相 等; ②当点D 在BC 的延长线上时①的结论仍成立. 由正方形ADEF 得 AD=AF ,∠DAF=90º. ∵∠BAC=90º,∴∠DAF=∠BAC , ∴∠DAB=∠FAC , 又AB=AC ,∴△DAB ≌△FAC , ∴CF=BD ∠ACF=∠ABD . ∵∠BAC=90º, AB=AC ,∴∠ABC=45º,∴∠ACF=45º, ∴∠BCF=∠ACB+∠ACF= 90º.即 CF ⊥BD (2)画图正确当∠BCA=45º时,CF ⊥BD (如图丁).理由是:过点A 作AG ⊥AC 交BC 于点G ,∴AC=AG 可证:△GAD ≌△CAF ∴∠ACF=∠AGD=45ºA BCDEF 第28题图图甲图乙 F EDC BAF E DCB A 图丙A F∠BCF=∠ACB+∠ACF= 90º. 即CF ⊥BD (3)当具备∠BCA=45º时,过点A 作AQ ⊥BC 交BC 的延长线于点Q ,(如图戊) ∵DE 与CF 交于点P 时, ∴此时点D 位于线段CQ 上, ∵∠BCA=45º,可求出AQ= CQ=4.设CD=x ,∴ DQ=4—x ,容易说明△AQD ∽△DCP ,∴CP CD DQ AQ = , ∴44CP xx =-,221(2)144x CP x x ∴=-+=--+.∵0<x≤3 ∴当x=2时,CP 有最大值1.57.(08江西省卷24题)(本大题9分)已知:如图所示的两条抛物线的解析式分别是211y ax ax =--+,221y ax ax =--(其中a 为常数,且0a >).(1)请写出三条..与上述抛物线有关的不同类型的结论; (2)当12a =时,设211y ax ax =--+与x 轴分别交于M N ,两点(M 在N 的左边),221y ax ax =--与x 轴分别交于E F ,两点(E 在F 的左边),观察M N E F ,,,四点坐标,请写出一个..你所得到的正确结论,并说明理由; (3)设上述两条抛物线相交于A B ,两点,直线12l l l ,,都垂直于x 轴,12l l ,分别经过A B ,两点,l 在直线12l l ,之间,且l 与两条抛物线分别交于C D ,两点,求线段CD 的最大值.(08江西省卷24题解析)(1)解:答案不唯一,只要合理均可.例如:①抛物线211y ax ax =--+开口向下,或抛物线221y ax ax =--开口向上; ②抛物线211y ax ax =--+的对称轴是12x =-,或抛物线221y ax ax =--的对称轴是12x =; ③抛物线211y ax ax =--+经过点(01),,或抛物线221y ax ax =--经过点(01)-,; ④抛物线211y ax ax =--+与221y ax ax =--的形状相同,但开口方向相反; ⑤抛物线211y ax ax =--+与221y ax ax =--都与x 轴有两个交点;⑥抛物线211y ax ax =--+经过点(11)-,或抛物线221y ax ax =--经过点(11)-,; 等等. ········································································································· 3分图戊PQ AB CD EFy xAOB(2)当12a =时,2111122y x x =--+,令2111022x x --+=, 解得21M N x x =-=,. ·················································································· 4分2211122y x x =--,令2111022x x --=,解得12E F x x =-=,. ························ 5分 ①00M F N E x x x x +=+=∴,,点M 与点F 对称,点N 与点E 对称; ②0M F N E x x x x M N E F +++=∴,,,,四点横坐标的代数和为0;③33MN EF MN EF ==∴=,,(或ME NF =). ······································· 6分 (3)0a >,∴抛物线211y ax ax =--+开口向下,抛物线221y ax ax =--开口向上. ··············· 7分根据题意,得22212(1)(1)22CD y y ax ax ax ax ax =-=--+---=-+. ·············· 8分∴当0x =时,CD 的最大值是2. ···································································· 9分说明:1.第(1)问每写对一条得1分;2.第(2)问中,①②③任意写对一条得1分;其它结论参照给分.58(08江西省卷25题)(本大题10分)如图1,正方形ABCD 和正三角形EFG 的边长都为1,点E F ,分别在线段AB AD ,上滑动,设点G 到CD 的距离为x ,到BC 的距离为y ,记HEF ∠为α(当点E F ,分别与B A ,重合时,记0α=).(1)当0α=时(如图2所示),求x y ,的值(结果保留根号);(2)当α为何值时,点G 落在对角线AC 上?请说出你的理由,并求出此时x y ,的值(结果保留根号);(3)请你补充完成下表(精确到0.01):α153045607590x0.03 0 0.29 y0.290.130.03(4)若将“点E F ,分别在线段AB AD ,上滑动”改为“点E F ,分别在正方形ABCD 边上滑动”.当滑动一周时,请使用(3)的结果,在图4中描出部分点后,勾画出点G 运动所形成的大致图形.(参考数据:62623 1.732sin150.259sin 750.96644-+==≈,≈,≈.)AH FD A (F ) D H A DH H DA(08江西省卷25题解析)解:(1)过G 作MN AB ⊥于M 交CD 于N ,GK BC ⊥于K .60ABG ∠=,1BG =, 32MG ∴=,12BM =.312x ∴=-,12y =. ················································································· 2分 (2)当45α=时,点G 在对角线AC 上,其理由是: ········································ 3分 过G 作IQ BC ∥交AB CD ,于I Q ,, 过G 作JP AB ∥交AD BC ,于J P ,.AC 平分BCD ∠,GP GQ ∴=,GI GJ ∴=.GE GF =,Rt Rt GEI GFJ ∴△≌△,GEI GFJ ∴∠=∠.60GEF GFE ∠=∠=,AEF AFE ∴∠=∠. 90EAF ∠=,45AEF AFE ∴∠=∠=.即45α=时,点G 落在对角线AC 上. ···························································· 4分 (以下给出两种求x y ,的解法) 方法一:4560105AEG ∠=+=,75GEI ∴∠=.在Rt GEI △中,62sin 754GI GE +==, 6214GQ IQ GI +∴=-=-. ···································································· 5分 6214x y +∴==-. ················································································ 6分 方法二:当点G 在对角线AC 上时,有132222x ++=, ··················································································· 5分 解得6214x +=-B (E )A (F )D CGK M N HA DCBHE I P Q GF J6214x y +∴==-. ················································································ 6分 (3)α153045607590x0.13 0.03 0 0.03 0.13 0.29 0.50 y0.500.290.130.030.030.13························································································ 8分 (4)由点G 所得到的大致图形如图所示:········································································· 10分说明:1.第(1)问中,写对x y ,的值各得1分;2.第(2)问回答正确的得1分,证明正确的得1分,求出x y ,的值各得1分; 3.第填对其中4空得1分;3.图形大致画得正确的得2分.59(08山东济南24题)(本小题满分9分)已知:抛物线2y ax bx c =++(a ≠0),顶点C (1,3-),与x 轴交于A 、B 两点,(10)A -,.(1)求这条抛物线的解析式.(2)如图,以AB 为直径作圆,与抛物线交于点D ,与抛物线对称轴交于点E ,依次连接A 、D 、B 、E ,点P 为线段AB 上一个动点(P 与A 、B 两点不重合),过点P 作PM ⊥AE 于M ,PN ⊥DB 于N ,请判断PM PNBE AD+是否为定值? 若是,请求出此定值;若不是,请说明理由. (3)在(2)的条件下,若点S 是线段EP 上一点,过点S 作FG ⊥EP ,FG 分别与边.AE 、BE 相交于点F 、G (F 与A 、E 不重合,G 与E 、B 不重合),请判断PA EFPB EG=是否成立.若成立,请给出证明;若不成立,请说明理由.H AC DB第24题图C OxA D P M EB Ny(08山东济南24题解析)解:(1)设抛物线的解析式为2(1)3y a x =-- ............... 1分 将A (-1,0)代入: 20(11)3a =--- ∴ 34a = ................................................... 2分 ∴ 抛物线的解析式为23(1)34y x =--,即:2339424y x x =-- ............................. 3分 (2)是定值,1PM PN BE AD+= ....................................................................................... 4分 ∵ AB 为直径,∴ ∠AEB =90°,∵ PM ⊥AE ,∴ PM ∥BE∴ △APM ∽△ABE ,∴PM AP BE AB = ① 同理: PN PB AD AB= ② .................................................................................................. 5分 ① + ②:1PM PN AP PB BE AD AB AB+=+= ............................................................................ 6分 (3)∵ 直线EC 为抛物线对称轴,∴ EC 垂直平分AB∴ EA =EB∵ ∠AEB =90°∴ △AEB 为等腰直角三角形.∴ ∠EAB =∠EBA =45° ........................ 7分如图,过点P 作PH ⊥BE 于H ,由已知及作法可知,四边形PHEM 是矩形,∴PH =ME 且PH ∥ME在△APM 和△PBH 中∵∠AMP =∠PHB =90°, ∠EAB =∠BPH =45°∴ PH =BH且△APM ∽△PBH ∴PA PM PB BH = ∴ PA PM PM PB PH ME== ① ...................... 8分 在△MEP 和△EGF 中,∵ PE ⊥FG , ∴ ∠FGE +∠SEG =90°∵∠MEP +∠SEG =90° ∴ ∠FGE =∠MEP∵ ∠PME =∠FEG =90° ∴△MEP ∽△EGF∴PM EF ME EG= ② 由①、②知:PA EF PB EG= ............................................................................................. 9分 (本题若按分类证明,只要合理,可给满分)60.(08浙江杭州24) 在直角坐标系xOy 中,设点A (0,t ),点Q(t ,b )。