[收稿日期]20061102 [作者简介]贾德华(1978),男,河南平舆县人,长江大学园艺园林学院讲师,主要从事园林规划设计的教学与研究.浅析环境中的障碍设置 贾德华 (长江大学园艺园林学院,湖北荆州434025)[摘要]环境中的障碍包括视觉障碍、行为障碍和精神障碍。
在环境规划设计时,合理设置障碍不但能增加景观的层次性,提高人们的审美情趣,还能减少人在环境中的破坏行为,同时可以形成一道美丽的风景。
[关键词]园林;环境;障碍;园林景观[中图分类号]TU986[文献标识码]A [文章编号]16731409(2006)04015803在现实生活中,环境障碍可谓无处不在,如围墙、栅栏、标示性的警示牌等,它们提示着人们什么事不可以做、什么地方不能去。
同时也可看到,人对环境障碍也有很多破坏行为,如栅栏被破坏、警示牌被推倒、草坪被踏出小路等。
通常,人在某些生理和心理需求得不到满足或者受到压抑时,就会产生破坏行为[1],所以,环境的缺陷也会导致不良行为的出现。
因此,环境规划设计时,如何规避、引导人的行为,设置合理的、强度适中的障碍,使之做到人性化,这也是园林工作者应该关心的。
1 障碍设置的历史考察障碍的设置与中国的传统文化有着密切的关系。
中华民族的封闭性与超稳定性思维注重内外有别,院与厅、室内外、堂内外皆需障。
广义地说,照壁、隔墙、屏风、帘子,以至盆栽、山石、幕布等皆有障的作用,旧时府第内室前书牌“宾客到此止步”,皇宫大内前立石刻“文武官员到此下马”也是障。
障碍设置在环境中的应用已不是什么新鲜事物,最初可以追溯到原始社会。
原始人类为保护自己,每当夜幕降临,在居住山洞的洞口燃起火堆,洞口的火堆整夜不熄,野兽就不敢来袭击,可见最初的障碍设置有防护和保护功能。
后来这种功能发挥到极致,例如为防外患修建的万里长城,为保护城市修建的城墙、护城河,少数民族为保护自己居住的村寨设栅栏、修高墙、造碉楼等。
现在这些设施虽然失去了原来的功用,但仍然是一到美丽的风景。
可见最初设置障碍具有保护意义。
后来,随着风水理论的兴起,障碍设置又具有风水文化意义。
人们通过山体、围墙进行阻隔和围合构成内聚的“场”,用中国的风水理论解释,就是结穴,围合和屏障合于“穴不虚立,必有所倚”之构成。
俞孔坚在《理想景观探源—风水的文化意义》一书中也提到:理想风水的明堂四周“众山维维如城关所以保障龙气也”,……前有朝山、案山为屏,构成了一个多重围护与屏蔽空间。
除自然的围护与屏蔽结构外,人工构筑的围墙、照壁、穴场四周的风水林,则大大强化了围护与屏蔽功能[2]。
随着人类文明的发展,审美已是人们生活中不可或缺的部分,环境中障碍的设置也开始注重其美学意义。
中国人的审美观是建立在传统的文化心态与文化熏陶的基础之上,带有东方文化的特色及审美意识。
中国人审美讲究含蓄、朦胧、模糊,虚、空、静、深[3]。
审美时不喜欢一览无余,希望在审美的过程中加入自己的想象,从意象、精神、超然之境去领悟外界之形象,既所谓“境由心生”和“心由境生”。
而园林环境景观中的障景尤如“犹抱琵琶半摭面”、“欲语还休”,激发审美者的好奇心和想象力,有欲拨开景观的层层面纱以探究竟的冲动。
2 环境中的障碍类型环境中的障碍包括视觉障碍、行为障碍和精神障碍。
环境规划设计时可以单独设置某种障碍,也可以・851・长江大学学报(自科版) 2006年12月第3卷第4期农学卷Journal of Yangtze U niversity(N at Sci Edit) Dec 12006,Vol 13No 14Agri Sci V几种障碍组合设置。
2.1 视觉障碍视觉障碍就是环境中让欣赏者看不见、看不清或看不全而设置的障碍。
在环境中的表现就是障景,可以通过影壁、假山、树丛、绿篱墙、围墙、土丘等形成障景,营造“模糊、虚幻”、“庭院深深深几许”的景观效果,以达到欲扬先抑、增加层次、组织人流、障丑显美等作用,目的是使游赏者莫测深远,致使园内景物引人入胜。
例如大观园入口处的曲径通幽大假山、颐和园仁寿殿后的土石山、苏州拙政园腰门后的叠石构洞的石山等。
2.2 行为障碍行为障碍就是环境中用以限制人、动物的行为而设置的障碍。
如绿篱、围墙、栏杆、水池、路障等。
在园林环境中形成可视而路不直通,利用地形高差、水体、栏杆等,迫使行人改变方向。
行为障碍可形成对行为的强制性限定而不影响对目标的通视,重复被看见的目标不断激起兴趣,在园林环境中,一般意味着将行人不该走的方向遮挡起来,以此来引导他走上设计者为他所选择的路线。
2.3 精神障碍精神障碍是通过色彩、声音、形式、光线、符号等外在因素的设置使欣赏者产生某种心理反应,使之不敢或不轻易超越限制等。
如十字路口的人行横线、带刺的植物、警笛声、警示牌等使人们不能随意穿越或跨越。
精神障碍在环境中主要是为了暗示、引导行人沿着合适的路线走或提示行人不受水、陡坡或车辆等危险。
3 障碍设置的必要性与可行性3.1 私密性私密是整个人类都具有的一种基本需要,这种需要象喷发水池那样随时可能产生[4]。
随着人们生活方式的不断改变,价值观念的不断更新,个人需要也在不断地发生着变化,人们开始越来越注意对自己私密性的保护。
私密性意味着为使用者提供一个纯粹个人所需的,而旁人无法进入的环境空间。
设计者应当尽量做到使用者所希望的对环境的控制,在不同形式的区域空间内,加进一些具体实在的边界因子形成可防范空间。
实践证明置于隐蔽之处的休息设施非常受人们喜爱。
3.2 保护与防护景观设计的主要功能之一,是阻止闲人或动物进入私人园地或公共场所造成损害。
对一个地方感到适意与否,在一定程度上取决于能否防止危险和生理伤害,尤其要避免由于担心犯罪和交通事故而带来的安全感[5]。
环境规划设计时为了分开行人与车辆,一般采用设置墙、篱、路障或栅栏等有形障碍物取得防护效果。
公园、风景区的一些地方为了不使游人受到伤害也会设置一些障碍物,如观景台的栏杆、动物兽舍的栅栏等。
3.3 增加层次,丰富景观中国古典园林艺术的创作讲究层次美。
一座好的园林,不会让游人一下就看到全园最精华的部分,而是像乐曲一样,有一个风景序列,从发端、发展、高潮到结尾,依次发展。
大观园用假山做为屏障,目的是避免一入园,便对整个园景一览无余,而采用欲露先藏、欲扬先抑的艺术手法,以达山重水复,曲径通幽的意境。
“曲径通幽”在古代造园中是常常采用的技法,其立意是要为人们营造一个幽静的环境,通过曲折的路径,使人们从嘈杂的环境来到幽静之处。
让人发出“庭院深深深几许”感慨,这在江南园林中随处都可看到,有些园林在某一景区的入口处,还很明白地写出了“通幽”、“幽径”的匾额,以唤起游人的意识。
3.4 组织行为空间园林中组织诱导行为空间的手法之一就是设置障碍,一般情况下利用障碍设置组织人流,按照强制程度的大小,可用3种基本措施,即拦阻设施、使行人感到危险的设施、启发诱导性设施。
拦阻设施包括直立的构件,如墙、屏障、篱笆、花坛或矮树丛以及凹陷的沟渠等;使行人感到危险的设施,其强制程度不及拦阻设施,如高度等膝的栏杆、低的土坡或墙、粗质的路面铺砌等类型,若需软质景观,也可把它做成花床;启发诱导性设施是强迫性最小的一种,具体措施如使用讯号、标志、启发性的地面质感变化或地坪高度的变化,・951・第3卷第4期贾德华:浅析环境中的障碍设置 以及巧妙地布置绿化设施等各种处理手法,引导行人顺着指定的路线走。
环境规划设计时最好是把几种方法同时使用,使之互相补充和加强,否则有些行人会对特设的信号不加注意,而走到不应去的地方甚至迷路。
3.5 障碍设置的可行性“设计必须为人”,这已是当今设计规划师所必须遵循的原则。
因此在环境规划设计中设置什么样的障碍为宜,需要从以下几方面进行考虑。
首先是需要满足何种功能要求,例如,设置障碍是为造景还是限制人的行为,限制行为是否绝对需要把行人限制在某些路线或地区内,是非常需要,还是一般地需要等等;其次是需要什么样的效果,是“温馨提示”或是“坚决制止”,是“庭院深深”或是“柳暗花明”;第三要考虑是什么样的人使用这个空间,是公共空间还是私密住所,是幽静的住宅区还是喧闹的公园;第四要考虑障碍的阻隔强度,强度过大会引起游人的应激反应,应激反应强烈时会产生破坏行为,强度过小起不到阻隔作用;当然设计者还要考虑经费的多少。
这些情况设计者必须全面考虑,使其最终成果在空间和表面的质感、色彩的安排上,既有合理的功能又有达到美观效果。
4 结语环境规划设计的最终目的是为人服务的,因此,不管是对景观意境的追求还是对功能防护的考虑,都应以满足游人行为需求为主要准则。
但是我们也看到公园里的景观被人破坏而让人痛心疾首,由于保护不力而让人紧张,景观由于过于开敞通透而显得平淡无奇,本来用于观赏的草坪被抄近路的行人踏出小路而让人不悦。
时代的发展和社会的进步使得人们的行为需求也随之变化,这就要求环境规划设计工作者要综合考虑,在运用人类行为心理学的基础上设置合理的、强度适中的障碍,对游人行为进行引导,同时创造出优美的景观。
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layer.Evolution t rend of dist ribution types of genera was from mainly t ropical element s to t ropical element s and temperate element s app roximately equal.K ey w ords:Cu p ressus f unebris;plantations;flora;Yichang149E ffects of Three Plant G row th R egulators and Cutting Date on Softw ood Cuttings of Vibur num awabuki K.K ochZH ANG Y i,MAO Ming2kun (College of Horticult ure and Gardening,Yangtze Universit y,J ingz hou,H ubei434025,China) Abstract:Effect s of softwood cuttings V iburnum aw abuki K.K och in arched plastic shed in different date,soaked wit h NAA,IAA or IBA at concent rations of500,1000,1500,2000mg/L respectively on survival percentage,root numbers,root lengt h and stem height of cuttings were st udied.Survival percentage,root numbers and root lengt h of cuttings were significantly higher t han C K(t reat ment wit h water)wit h3plant growt h regulators soaking t he botto m of cuttings before cutting,but stem height not by t hat.NAA was a better plant growt h regulator as a whole,and could be applied wit h all concentrations(500~2000mg/L).Survival percentage of cutting on May14and J une14were all high,but better o n May14.K ey w ords:V iburnum aw abuki K.K och;plant growt h regulators;softwood cutting;arched plastic shed;survival percentage151Land G ardenization ———The Only W ay of Modern G arden Development in China WANG Wan2xi,J I A De2hua (College of Horticult ure and Gardening,Yangt ze Universit y,J ingz hou,H ubei434025,China) Abstract:The modern garden develop ment has passed t hrough a t raditional p hase for people’s recrea2 tio n and ornament,and entered a new stage of improving inhabitancy environment s and meeting wit h t he landscape effect.Therefore,t raditional garden can not adapt to t he requirement of modern social develop ment.By analysing t he traditional garden,t he essentiality and major content of t he land gar2 denization were elaborated.K ey w ords:landscape architect ure;develop ment;land gardenization;ecology;cult ure154Analysise of Problems of R esidential Area G reenning in Wuhan CityPE NG Feng (College of Horticult ure and Gardemi ng,Yangtze Universit y,J ingz hou,H ubei434025,Chi na)Abstract:Some mistakes t hat existed in t he greenning const ructio n of residential dist rict in Wuhan City were analyzed.It is propo sed t hat t here are several p roblems.Pursuing styles blindly but taking no account of act ual environmental effect,t he unreasonable setting of each green space couldn’t sat2 isfy t he act ual needs of t he persons who use it.The utilization rate of green space was very low.The plant deployment of subdist rict lacked ecological consciousness.To solve t hese problems,some sug2 gestions were brought forward.The buildings should be reasonably laid out by co mbining wit h t he green space,t hrough enlarging t he area of green space near t he residence to form ecological corridor and satisfy t he requirement of resident activity,plant disposition should satisfy t he requirement of ecological niche.K ey w ords:styles;ecological greening;green space;use demand;ecological corridor158Discussion on Obstruction Setting in E nvironmentJ I A De2hua (College of Horticult ure and Gardening,Yangtze Universit y,J ingz hou,H ubei434025,China)Abstract:The obst ruction in environment include visual obst ructio n,behavioral obstruction and spir2 it ual o bstruction.Rational obst ruction setting in environment can not only increase gradatio n of gar2den and raise t he aest hetic interest of people,but also can reduce t he destroy behavior in surround2 ings of people.At t he same time,it can also make a beautif ul scenery.K ey w ords:garden;environment;obstruction;view of t he garden161Prediction of Nitrogen Excretion into E nvironment from Lactating Dairy CowsZH ANG Mei2li (College of A ni mal Science,Yangze Universit y,J ingz hou,H ubei434025,China)ZH ANGLi2gang (B aoj i A ni mal S cience and V eterinary Medicine Center of S hanax i Province,B aoj i,S haanx i721000,China) Abstract:In a design of a4×4Latin squares,4multiparous cows were fed t he same amount of forage and different amount of concentrates.After collecting total feces and urine,t he relationship between milk urea nitrogen(mg/dL)and total nit rogen excretion(urinary nit rogen plus feces nit rogen,g/d) in lactating dairy cows was st udied.It was concluded t hat milk urea nitrogen was linearly correlated wit h t he amount of total nit rogen excretion.The result s showed t hat milk urea nitrogen could be used as an indicator to p redict nit rogen outp ut f rom lactating dairy cows.K ey w ords:lactating dairy cows;nit rogen excretion;milk urea nit rogen164E ffect of Organic B lend Acids Preparation on the Performance,Nutrient Constitution Digestibility and pH of Proventriculus of AVIAA ChickenCAO Zhi2hua (College of A ni mal Science,Yangtze Universit y,J ingz hou,H ubei434100,Chi na)OUY ANG2xu (B uereau of L ivestock of J ingz hou Cit y,J ingz hou,H ubei434100,China)WANG J un,CAI H ong2ming (College of A ni mal Science,Yangt ze Universit y,J ingz hou,H ubei434025,China)Abstract:The organic blend acids preparation were supplemented into basal diet of AV IAA chicken by5g/kg、10g/kg、15g/kg.The performance,p H in provent riculus and digestibility of nut rition el2 ement s were determined.The result s showed t hat organic blend acids preparation improved average daily gain and decreased feed gain ratio,and t he effect in t he group added5g/kg was better;p H in provent riculus decreased alo ng wit h t he increase of organic blend acids p reparation added in t he basal diet and was relatively stable at fift h days;t here are higher digestibility of protein in t he group added 15g/kg and higher digestibility of dry matter,gro ss energy and p hosp hors in t he group added 5g/kg.K ey w ords:organic blend acids p reparation;AV IAA chicken;performance;p H;digestibility167Study on the Main Biological Characteristics of Sperm of Hemiba rbus maculatus BleekerG U Ruo2bo,X U G ang2chun,WE N Hai2bo W A NG Y u2fang,ZH A NG Shou2ling Key Open L aboratory f or Genetic B reeding of A quatic A nimals and A quaculture Biology,Ministry of A griculture,Freshwater Fisheries Research Center,ChineseA cadem y of Fishery S ciences,W u x i,J iangsu214081,ChinaAbstract:The healt hy male Hemibarbus m acul ates were employed and t he spermatozoa were collect2 ed f rom t he body by artificial conduction.The sperm was observed under t he scan electron micro2 scope.The spermatozoa motility under defferent temperat ures,p H,salinitys was st udied,and t he sperm concentration of Hemibarbus m acul ates of2years old and5years old were tested.The effect s of water temperapt ure on spermatozoa motility showed t hat t he optimum water temperat ure was 23℃when t he spermatozoa had t he longest life of span(522.7s),and t he optimum range of water temperat ure was19~23℃.When p H was at7~8,t he spermatozoa had t he best motility,and at p H 8,t he spermatozoa had t he longest life span,which was535s.When t he salinity of water was at1‰~7‰,t he spermatozoa have t he best motility and t he spermatozoa had t he longest life span at salini2 ty7‰,which was304.3s.The sperm concent ration of wild Hemibarbus m acul ates of2years old was1.6×1010ind・mL-1high t han5years old.K ey w ords:Hemibarbus m acul ates;sperm;biolgical characteristic170Immunogenicity of Crude Lipopolysaccharide of Three Pathogenic B acteria to Channal C atf ish,Ict alu2 rus punct at usLI U Y ong,WANG Cheng2zhuCHE N Chang2fu College of Fisheries,H uaz hong A gricult ural Universit y,W uhan,H ubei430070,China。