构词法 Word Formation 在英语中，词的构成方式主要有三种：合成、转化和派生。 一、 合成 Compounding 两个或更多的词合成一个词。 方式：1. 直接写在一起。 2. 用连字符(-)连接。 3. 由两个分开的词构成。
(1) 合成形容词 方式 例词 1形容词＋形容词 red-hot
, 2形容词＋名词
first-class, full-time, part-time
3形容词＋现在分词 good-looking, free-thinking, 4形容词＋过去分词 ready-made 5形容词＋名词-ed good-tempered, middle-aged, cold-blooded 6名词＋名词-ed iron-willed
@ 7名词＋形容词
world-famous, day-long
8名词＋现在分词 beauty-loving, freedom-loving, job-hunting, 9名词＋过去分词 man-made, water-covered, 10副词＋形容词 ever-green 11副词＋现在分词 hard-working, far-seeing
— 12副词＋过去分词
well-prepared, quickly-cured, well-known
13数词＋名词 five-year 14数词＋名词+形容词 five-year-old 15数词＋名词-ed four-legged, six-storied
(2)合成动词 构成方式 [
例词
1名词＋动词 day-dream 2副词＋动词 overcome, upturn翻起 3形容词＋动词 white-wash (3)合成名词 构成方式 例词
` 1名词＋名词
horseback , bank-note, newspaper, cellphone,
2形容词＋名词 back-yard, forehead, 3动名词＋名词 hiding place, reading-room 4动词＋副词 get-off, break in, 5副词＋动词 output, overflow
; (4)合成副词however, maybe, wherever, whenever, forever
(5)合成代词whoever,, whatever, everyone, nobody, myself, something, anything,
二、派生 Derivation 前缀 前缀 含义 例词 a- 处在…… arise, aside, alone
~ en-
使可能 enrich, enable, enslave
dis- 不，否定 dissatisfy, dishonest, disappear, disorder, disagree un- 不 做相反动作 unable, unknown, uncommon, uncomfortable, unfair,
: unclose, undress, uncover, untie
in- im- ir- il- 不，非 inactive, incapable, inpatient, incorrect impossible, impersonal, impolite, immature, impractical irregular, irresponsible illogical,
@ non- 不，非 non existent, non-interference, non-conductor, non-stop
de- 向相反方向发展 Decentralize（分散）, defrost（解冻） anti- 反（对） anti-freeze, anti-fascist mis- * 错误的，坏的 misdoings, misunderstand, misfortune
re 重复，再 rewrite, remarry, reunite, recycle, co- 共同 co-exist, co-operate, co-education ex 以前的
#
Ex-husband, ex-president
tele 远程 telephone, telegraph, telescope super- 在上面，超级 supermarket, superpower, under- 在……之下 underline, underestimate, underground,
； inter-
相互，之间 international, interact, inter-change
sub- 下，次 subtitle, submarine, subconscious, subcontinent, trans- 过，穿过，变 transformation(变形), translate
vice- · 副 vice-premier, vice-president
semi- 半 semifinal, semicircle, semi-automatic bi 两个 bicycle, biennial两年一次的
tri 三个
!
triangle三角形, tricycle三轮脚踏车, triplets三胞胎
mul- 多，多种 multiply, multi-national, multi-coloured kilo- 千 kilometre, kilogram
后缀 ￥ 后 缀
例 词
名 词
-er farmer, weaver, pain-killer, murderer, , villager, stranger, speaker, cooker, recorder, heater -ess actress, waitress, princess, hostess
% -or
conductor, sailor, transistor, operator, -ar beggar -ese Chinese, Portuguese, Japanese -ian :
musician, Egyptian, physician
-ist scientist, dentist, communist, socialist, -ent/-ant assistant -ment argument, judgment, government -ness happiness, greatness, illness, coldness, sleeplessness -tion dictation, preparation, repetition, action, information, invention
-ing building, wedding, painting
！ -ship
leadership, friendship, hardship
-age shortage, marriage, leakage -ty loyalty, cruelty, penalty, sixty, twenty, thirty, certainty -th {
truth, warmth, length, growth, fifteenth, fourth
-ance acceptance, assistance, reliance, appearance -ence dependence, confidence, reference, entrance, defence -ful mouthful, handful, plateful, -al refusal, denial, arrival -y difficulty, possibility, -dom freedom, wisdom, kingdom
； -ism
socialism, materialism
注意： -ese, -ian, -ist 既可以构成名词，又可以构成形容词。 -er 构成的名词，既有表示人的，又有表示物的。 后 缀 例 词
！ 形 容 词
-al ~
central, industrial, national, natural
-an European, American, Australian -ern eastern, northern, southern -able reasonable, horrible, terrible, believable, comfortable, forgettable, sensible -ful careful, cheerful, grateful, faithful, -ish childish, Swedish, selfish -ive destructive, collective, active, creative, effective
… -y
thirsty, dirty, windy, sunny, cloudy, healthy, funny
-less careless, hopeless, helpless, homeless, sleepless, fearless, limitless -en golden, wooden, woolen -ous %
courageous, famous, continuous, serious, various
-ary imaginary, revolutionary, secondary -ic realistic, historic, poetic -some troublesome, burdensome, lonesome, handsome