国际贸易实务(下划线为重点记忆和理解，无的为一般记忆和了解)Chapter one1.国际贸易概念：International trad e is also known as worl d trad e, foreign trad e,overseas trad e. It refers to the process of fair and d eliberate exchange of goods or services between two or more countries, involving the use of two or more currencies. Besid es, international trad e concerns trad e operations of both import and export and includ es the purchase and sale of both visibl e and invisibl e goods.2.（了解）1)Resource reasons (natural resource, human resource and technology)2)Economic reasons (economic benefits, comparative advantage andeconomies of scal e)3)Other reasons (political reasons, differences in tastes, preferences andconsumption patterns)3.国际贸易与国内贸易的不同：In particular, international trad e is more subject to:Language habits and cultural differences2)Foreign laws, customs and regulations or international rul es3)Exchange rate fluctuations and interest rate4)Higher l evel of political, financial and transportation risks5)More compl ex business procedures therefore managers need a broad errange of management skills4.1)从货物流向（direction of cargo fl ow）分: export trad e, import trad e and transit trad e(过境贸易)2)从参与的贸易方（the number of participants ）分：direct trad e, indirect trad e and entrepot trad e(转口贸易)转口贸易：entrepot trade refers to the transaction which involves importing goods for further processing or assembling and the re-exporting the goods abroad. 转口贸易又称中转贸易或再输出贸易，是指国际贸易中进出口货物的买卖，不是在生产国和消费国之间直接进行，而是通过第三国转手进行的贸易。
对于第三国来说，就是转口贸易，与过境贸易的最大区别在于货物的所有权会发生转移，并且只涉及一个贸易方。
国际上有很多中转地，如新加坡，香港，鹿特丹等3）从商品形式（form of goods）分：有形贸易（visibl e/tangibl e goods trad e）和无形贸易（invisibl e/intangibl e goods trad e）barter trad e）和自由结汇贸易（free-liquidation trad e）5.进出口贸易的程序：Export and import procedures:transaction, the whol e operation und ergoes four stages:1) the preparation of a transaction2) the negotiation of the contract3) the performance of the contract4) the settlement of disputes其中第二个环节：①Negotiation can be conducted in two forms:ephone)In writing (business correspond ence which includ es letters, faxes, e-mails)②Four main steps: 询盘(enquiry), 发盘(offer), 还盘(counter-offer),接受(acceptance)Chapter two 国际贸易术语1.三种贸易术语的解释规则（three sets of rul es））2) 美国对外贸易修正案1941（Revised American Foreign Trad e Definitions 1941）3) 2000年国际贸易术语解释通则（International Rul es for the Interpretation of Trad e Terms 2000）2. incoterms2000 的具体内容（E、F、C、D组的划分，重点在F、C类）（这个不知道怎么写，看书本P34-42）3. 装运合同术语和到货合同术语区别Shipment contract:起运前交付（the d elivery will happen at the time or before）如：E F C 类Arrival contract: 到达目的地后交付（d eliver at the time of arrival）Symbolic d elivery:买方并没有实质性的接受到货物，而是通过一系列运输单据证明其交接。
（the buyer d oes not physically receive the goods, the d elivery is proved by the submission of transport d ocument by the seller to the buyer）只意味着买方同意了买方交货的事实，并不代表买方接受了该批货物就是与合同一致的货物。
Actual d elivery: the buyer (or his agent) physically receives the goods upon the Chapter three 出口商品的价格1.出口商品价格的表达（expression of export price）The standard format of a price in international trad e has four components通常一个标准出口价格包括四个部分：货币（a cod e of currency）金额（a number indicating the price）数量单位（a unit for measuring quantity）贸易术语（a certain trad e term）这是一种出口价格的表现形式，在纽约市用CIF贸易术语进行交易，每件货为22.5美元2. 价格的计算FOB= total cost + profit以外国货币计算FOB= (Total cost + profit)/ Exchange rateCFR价格：CFR= FOB + Ocean freightCIF价格：CIF=FOB + Ocean freight +Insurance PremiumInsurance premium =CIF *(1+markup) *Premium rate(R)CIF=CFR / (1-markup*R)包含佣金（commission）的价格：①Commission (C) = contract value * commission rate②Price including C = net price / (1 – C rates)Net price = price including C (1- C rates)折扣价：Discount = contract price * discount rateActual price = contract price – discount= contract price * (1- discount rate)出口利润率（Export profit margin）:Export profit margin = export revenue (FOB) – export cost (FOB)Export revenue (FOB)公式中用的是FOB价格，即不包含运费保险费的价格，并且使用的是出口国货币。
反映的是一单位的销售额能赚取多少的利润，越大越好出口换汇成本（Export Cost for Foreign Exchange ）:export cost in local currencyExport revenue in foreign currency该指标反映的是要赚取一单位的外国货币需要花费的本国货币成本，越小越好4. 定价的四个步骤：（要求能够知道概念和判断）询盘：A potential client asks for information from the counterpart to his intention in buying or selling of a certain commodity.发盘：A sufficiently d efinite proposal ad dressed to one or more specific persons for concluding a contract, necessarily indicating the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance.还盘：A reply to an offer which contains ad ditions, limitations of other modifications.接受：An unconditional statement mad e formally by or an action conducted by the offeree indicating assent to an offer or counter-offer.参考书上67-72页的几个exampl eChapter four 商品条款1. 品质条款：注：CISG规定，如果一项商品交易既凭描述性买卖又凭样品实物买卖，那么卖方必须使交货的商品同时符合这两个条件1）商品质量用文字说明表示（sale by d escription）凭规格买卖（sale by specification ）: 用商品质量的若干指标，如大小、容量、成分等凭等级买卖（sale by grad e ）: 如一级二级，大中小号等凭标准买卖（sale by standard ）: 采用一些组织如ISO制定公布的标准。