第一讲:外交学导论(Introduction to the Study of Diplomacy)•一、什么是外交?(What is diplomacy?)•二、什么是外交学?(What is the study of diplomacy?)•三、西方外交学(The study of diplomacy in the West)•四、中国外交学(The study of diplomacy in China)•五、思考题(Questions)•六、参考资料(References)一、什么是外交?•1、“外交” 的由来(Origin of diplomacy)•2、“外交”的定义(Definition of diplomacy)•3、“外交”的功能或任务(Functions or tasks of diplomacy)•4、“外交”的参与者(Players in diplomacy)•5、“外交”的内容(Content of diplomacy)•6、“外交”的特点(Characteristic of diplomacy)1、“外交”的由来•“外交”一词在中国古代已经出现,如《墨子》中说:“近者不亲,无务来远,亲戚不附,无务外交。
”《国语》中说:“乃厚其外交而勉之,以报其德。
”这里所说的“外交”,是指“人臣私见诸侯”,或指与朋友、与外人的交际。
•当今中文里的“外交”含义,来自于欧洲语言,如英语中的“diplomacy”、法语中的“diplomatie”。
它们又源自希腊语中的“diploma”,其原义是指古希腊君主或元老院派遣使节时所颁发的证明其身份的“双重折叠”的特许证书,或这种证书的“副本”。
“外交”的含义是从这里演变出来的。
2、“外交”的定义(1)•尼科松转引《牛津英语词典》的解释说:“外交就是用谈判的方式来处理国际关系;是大使和使节用来调整和处理国际关系的方法;是外交官的业务或技术。
” ([英]哈罗德·尼科松著:《外交学》,第23—24页。
)Sir Harold Nicolson quoted the Oxford English Dictionary as saying: “Diplomacy is the management of international relations by negotiation; the method by which these relations are adjusted by ambassadors and envoys; the business or art of the diplomatist.” (Har old Nicolson, Diplomacy, Oxford University Press, 1950, p.15.)“外交”的定义(2)•“外交是运用智力和机智处理各独立国家的政府之间的官方关系,有时也推广到独立国家和附庸国家之间的关系;或者更简单地说,是指以和平手段处理国与国之间的事务。
” ([英]戈尔—布思主编、萨道义著:《萨道义外交实践指南》,第3页。
)Sir Ernest Satow says, “Diplomacy is the application of inte lligence and tact to the conduct of relations between the governments of independent states, extending sometimes also to their relations with vassal states; or, more briefly still, the conduct of busigogot Satow, A guide to Diplomatic Practice, 4th edition, London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1957, p.1)“外交”的定义(3)•R. P. Barston, Modern Diplomacy: “Diplomacy is concerned with the management of relations between states and between states and other actors. From a state perspective diplomacy is concerned with advising, shaping and implementing foreign policy. As such it is the means by which states through their formal and other representatives, as well as other actors, articulate, coordinate and secure particular or wider interests, using correspondence, private talks, exchanges of view, lobbying, visits, threats and other related activities.”(R. P. Barston, Modern Diplomacy, p.1. )这段话被翻译为:“外交涉及处理国家之间和国家与其他行为者之间的关系。
从一个国家的角度来看,外交的作用是提出、制定和执行外交政策。
外交本身是国家通过正式和非正式的代表以及其他行为者,运用通信、个别的会谈、交换观点、说服、访问、威胁和其他相关的行动来阐明、协调和维护特殊的和更广泛的利益的手段。
”([英]R. P. 巴斯顿著:《现代外交》,第1页。
)“外交”的定义(4)G.R. Berridge says: “Diplomacy is an essentially political activity and, well resourced and skilful, a major ingredient of power. Its chief purpose is to enable states to secure the objectives of their foreign policies without resort to force, propaganda, or law. It follows that diplomacy consists of communicationbetween officials designed to promote foreign policy either by formal agreement or tacit adjustment.” (Geoff R. Berridge, Diplomacy: th eory and practice, p.1)“外交”的定义(5)•The term “diplomacy” should be distigogotates and other entities with standing in world politics by official agents and by peaceful means. This is the widest sense of the term and is what is meant by it here. (Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society, A Study of Order in World Politics, Third Edition, New York: Palgrave, 2002, p.156.)“外交”的定义(6)•《辞海》“外交”条:“国家为实行其对外政策,由国家元首、政府首脑、外交部、外交代表机关等进行的诸如访问、谈判、交涉、发出外交文件、缔结条约、参加国际会议和国际组织等对外活动。
外交是国家实现其外交政策的重要手段。
” (《辞海》,1989年版。
)•《中国大百科全书·政治学卷》“外交”条:“国家以和平手段对外行使主权的活动。
通常指由国家元首、政府首脑、外交部长和外交机关代表国家进行的对外交往活动。
” (1992年版。
)“外交”的定义(7)•《外交学概论》:“外交是以主权国家为主体,通过正式代表国家的机构与人员的官方行为,使用交涉、谈判和其他和平方式对外行使主权,以处理国家关系和参与国际事务,是一国维护本国利益及实施其对外政策的重要手段;不同的对外政策形成不同形态和类别的外交。
如简而言之,广而言之,外交指任何以主权国家为主体,通过和平方式,对国家间关系和国际事务的处理。
” (鲁毅、黄金祺等著:《外交学概论》,第5页。
)•《现代外交学概论》:“外交,通常是指一个主权国家通过其官方代表,在遵守国际惯例的基础上,为了维护本国的国家利益,而以约定俗成的和平方式,与其他主权国家或由主权国家组成的国际组织所进行的正式的官方之间的正常交往。
” (金正昆著:《现代外交学概论》,第6页。
)3、“外交”的功能(1)•First, diplomacy facilitates commugogo and other entities in world politics. Without communication there could be no international society, nor any international system at all. Thus the most elementary function of diplomatists is to be messengers.•首先,外交的功能在于实现和促进各国及国际政治实体领导者之间的交流。
没有交流就没有国际社会,更没有国际关系体系。
因此,外交官的最大职责就是充当信使。
•“外交”的功能(2)• A second function of diplomacy is the negotiation of agreements. Without the negotiation of agreements, international relations would be possible but they would consist only of fleeting, hostile encounters between one political community and another.•外交的第二个功能在于通过谈判达成协议。