5. Major sense relations
(1) Homonymy
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(2) Polysemy
十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
(3) Homophony
(4) Synonymy
(5) Antonymy
(6) Hyponymy
(7) Meronymy
成分分析 5. Sentence meaning
句子意义
本章考点： 语义学的定义；词汇意义关系(同义、反义、下义)；识别各种实例中词与词的意义关系、
以及句与句之间的蕴涵、前提、会话含义、同义、不相容、语义矛盾、语义反常等意义关系; 用成分分析法分析同义词、反义词，句子意义的区别等; 反义词的种类及举例。
圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台

第 5 章 语义学
5.1 复习笔记
本章要点： 1. Semantics
语义学 2. The referential and sense
指称和涵义 3. Analysis of meaning
意义分析 4. Component analysis
(4) Inconsistency
(5) Implicature
I. Semantics (语义学) 【考点：名词解释】
Semantics is a branch of linguistics which is concerned with the study of meaning in all its formal aspects.
practical events that precede and follow it. The meaning of a linguistic form is thus defined as observable behaviors. Such an approach to meaning is called behaviorism, or behaviorist theory, which clearly draws on psychology.
语义学是语言学的一个分支，研究所有字面的意义，不考虑语境。
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圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台

II. Some approaches to the study of meaning (研究意义的几种方法) 1. Meaning as naming (命名论) (1) Referential theory or naming theory 指称理论或命名理论 The meaning of an expression is what it refers to, or names, is often called
IV. Sentences meaning
1. Sentence and proposition
2. Semantic roles
3. Semantic relationships between sentences
(1) Entailment
(2) Presupposition
(3) Synonymy
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本章内容索引：
十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
I. Definition of Semantics
II. Some approaches to the study of meaning
1. Meaning as naming
2. Meaning as concept

is the object in the world of experience, while ‘‘concept’’ is human thought.
“象征”是语言学中的要素如词汇、句子等，“指称”是现实世界中经历，“概念”是人 们的思维。
3. Meaning as behavior (行为主义) Bloomfield argued that meaning exists in the relation between speech and the
referential theory or naming theory. The word tree, for example, names the object tree in the real world.
任何表达的含义是其指称或命名的事物，叫做指称理论或命名理论。例如，“树”这个 词的含义就是现实中存在的树木。
(2) Problems(缺点) One of them is that it is not always immediately obvious what is being named. For example, the conjunctions as but or and have no referents in the real world. 此理论的一个重要缺点就是并不是所有的词汇在现实中存在其指称的事物。比如，连词 在现实中不存在对应的事物。 2. Meaning as concept (内涵) (1) Any particular sound image is psychologically associated with a particular concept.
3. Meaning as behavior
4. Meaning as context
5. Meaning as truth conditions
III. Word meaning
1. Sense and reference
2. Seven types of meaning
(1) Conceptual meaning
(2) Connotative meaning
(3) Social meaning
(4) Affective meaning
Байду номын сангаас
(5) Reflective meaning
(6) Collocative meaning
(7) Thematic meaning
3. Semantic fields
4. Componential analysis
任何一个声音都代表着具体的内涵。 (2) Semantic triangle 语义三角
“Symbol”is the linguistic element, i.e. word, sentence, etc., and the“referent”
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