NOTES1. Orwell: George Orwell was the pseudonym ['sjuːdənɪm笔名]of Eric ['εrik] Arthur['ɑ:θə] Blair[blεə] (1903-50), an English writer who at one time served with the Indian Imperial Police[ɪm'pɪərɪəl]印度帝国警察in Burma. ['bə:mə]缅甸（东南亚国家He fought in the Spanish Civil War, an experience he recorded in Homage to Catalonia.[,kætə'ləuniə] . 加泰罗尼亚His novels include Down and Out in Paris and London ; Burmese Days缅甸岁月; Coming up for Air上来透口气; A Clergyman' s['klɜːdʒɪmən]牧师；教士Daughter ; Keep the Aspidistra[,æspɪ'dɪstrə]；叶兰Flying; Animal Farm; and 1984. The last two novels vilify['vɪlɪfaɪ]诽谤；中伤；轻视；贬低socialist society and communism.['kɒmjʊnɪz(ə)m]共产主义Among his well known essays are: Shooting an Elephant ; A Hanging ; Marrakech [mə'rækeʃ];and Politics and the English Language.2. Moorish: Moors, mixed Arabs['ærəb]阿拉伯人and Berbers['bə:bə]柏柏尔人, and inhabitants[ɪn'hæbɪt(ə)nt]居民；居住者of Morocco.[mə'rɔkəu] 摩洛哥They set up a Moorish empire from theend of the 8th century to the 12th century: by 12th century the empire included North Africa to the borders of Egypt, as well as Mohammedan Spain.[məu'hæmidən]回教的西班牙4. Distressed[di'strest]痛苦的；忧虑的；贫困的Area: area where there is widespread unemployment, poverty, etc., a slum area.5. Foreign Legionnaires[,liːdʒə'neə]军团士兵: France organized a foreign legion['li:dʒən]军团；shortly after the conquest of Algiers[æl'dʒiərz]阿尔及尔in 1830, enlisting征募；支持recruits[rɪ'kruːt]招聘；新兵；新成员who were not French subjects.国民Spain had a foreign legion, up till the revolution [revə'luːʃ(ə)n]革命；in Morocco, and Holland荷兰in the Dutch East Indies.荷属东印度群岛6. fifteen-hands: unit of measurement,计量单位especially for the height of horses; a hand, the breadth [bredθ宽度，幅度；宽宏of the human palm[pɑːm],手掌is now usually taken to be 4 inches.NOTES1. Fairlie: Henry Fairlie (1924--) is a contributing editor['edɪtə编者，编辑to The New Republic as well asa contributor[kən'tribjutə投稿者to other journals.['dʒɜːn(ə)l]日报He is author of: The KennedyPromise ; The Life of Politics ; and The Spoiled [spɔilt]Child of the Western World.2. The Washington Post:华盛顿邮报an influential有影响的；有势力的[,ɪnflʊ'enʃ(ə)l]and highly respected U.S. newspaper with a national distribution3. pub: contracted收缩了的[kən'træktid]from "public house" ; in Great Britain a house licensed ['laisənst]得到许可的for the sale of alcoholic[ælkə'hɒlɪk] drinks4. musketeers火枪手of Dumas:[dju'ma:] characters created by the French novelist, Alexandre Dumas (1802--1870) in his novel The Three Musketeers5. Jupiter: ['dʒuːpɪtə木星；朱庇特referring[rɪ'fɜː]涉及；委托perhaps to the planet Jupiter and the information about it gathered by a U.S. space probe[prəʊb]探针；调查6. descendants[di'sendənt]后裔；子孙of convicts[kən'vikt]罪犯: in 1788 a penal ['pi:nl]刑事的；刑罚的settlement['set(ə)lm(ə)nt]解决，处理was established at Botany Bay,植物湾['bɒt(ə)nɪ] Australia by Britain. British convicts,英国囚犯sentenced to long term imprisonment,[ɪm'prɪz(ə)nm(ə)nt]监禁，关押；坐牢；下狱were often transported to this penal settlement. Regular settlers arrived in Australia about 1829.7. Saxon churls[tʃɜːl]中世纪的）农民: a farm laborer or peasant['pez(ə)nt] in early England; a term used pejoratively[pi'dʒɔrətivli] 贬损地；轻蔑地by the Norman conquerors to mean an ill-bred,粗野的；无教养的；教养不好的ignorant无知的；愚昧的English peasant8. Norman conquerors: the Normans, under William I, Duke of Normandy 诺曼底公爵(former territory['terɪt(ə)rɪ] of N. France) conquered England after defeating Harold, the English king, at the Battle of Hastings (1066).10.Hereward the Wake: Anglo-Saxon patriot['pætrɪət爱国者and rebel；造反leader. He rose up against the Norman conquerors but was defeated and slain [sleɪn]杀死（slay的过去分词）(1071).11.Nash: Thomas Nash (1567--1601), English satirist.['sætərɪst] . 讽刺作家Very little is known of his life .Although his first publications appeared in 1589,it was not until Pierce Penniless His Supplication[,sʌplɪ'keɪʃn] . 恳求；祈祷to the Devil ['dev(ə)l] 魔鬼；撒旦(1592),a bitter satire on contemporary society ,that his natural and vigorous['vɪg(ə)rəs] 精力充沛的style was fully developed .His other publications include: Summer' s Last Will and Testament夏天的遗嘱; The Unfortunate Traveler; and The Isle of Dogs.12.Dekker: Thomas Dekker (1572.'? --16327), English dramatist['dræmətɪst]剧作家，剧本作者and pamphleteer.[pæmflə'tɪə]小册子作者；檄文执笔者Little is known of his life except that he frequently suffered from poverty and served several prison 监狱；监禁；['prɪz(ə)n]terms for debt. Publications: The Shoe- maker' s Holiday ; The Seven Deadly Sins of London ; The Gull' s Hand- book; etc.13...here will be an old abusing滥用: "old" here means "great, plentiful丰富的"; from Shakespeare's "The Merry Wives of Windsor",温莎的风流娘儿们Act 1, Scene 4, lines5--614.Angevins and Plantagenets: names of ruling Norman dynasties in England (1154--1399), sprung from Geoffrey, Count of Anjou (former province of W. France)15.Elizabethans: people, especially writers, of the time of Queen Elizabeth I of England (1533--1603)16.(dandelion) clock: the downy['daʊnɪ] 柔和的；绒毛的；多丘岗的fruiting head of the common dandelion['dændɪlaɪən]蒲公英17.Auden: W.H. Auden (1907--73), British-born poet, educated at Oxford. During the Depression of the 1930’s he was deeply affected by Marxism.马克思主义['ma:ksizəm] His works of that period include Poems (1930) and The Orators演说者；演讲者；雄辩家；原告['ɒrətə] (1932), prose and poetry, bitter and witty,富于机智的on the impending 迫近collapse[kə'læps]倒塌；瓦解；暴跌of British middle-class ways and a coming revolution. Auden went to the U.S. in 1939 and became an American citizen in 1946.In the 1940's he moved away from Marxism and adopted a Christian['krɪstɪən基督徒，信徒existential[,egzɪ'stenʃ(ə)l] 存在主义的；有关存在的view.18. Forster:福斯特Edward Morgan Forster (1879--1970), English author, one of the most important British novelists of the 20th century. Forster's fiction, conservative[kən'sə:vətiv] . 保守派，守旧者in form, is in the English tradition of the novel of manners. He explores the emotional and sensual['sensjuəl,感觉的；肉欲的deficiencies缺乏，不足of the English middle class, developing his themes by means of irony,['aɪrənɪ] 讽刺；反语wit, and symbolism. Some of his well known novels are: Where Angels Fear to Tread ; The Longest Journey ; A Room with a View ; Howard' s End ; and A Passage to India.19. Henault: Jean-Francois Henault (? --1770), president of the Paris Parlement, and lover of Mme Deffand20. Paris Parlement: the "sovereign"['sɔvərin, 'sʌv-] 君主；独立国；最高统治者or "superior" [suː'pɪərɪə; sjuː-上级，长官；优胜者court of judicature ['dʒuːdɪkə司法；法官under the ancien regime[reɪ'ʒiːm]政权，政体in France. It was later divided into several chambers.['tʃeɪmbə]室，膛；房间；会所21. Mme. Deffand: Deffand, Marie De Vichy-Chamrond, Marquisse Du (1679--1780), a leading figure in French society, famous for her letters to the Duchesse de Choiseul, to Voltaire and to Horace Walpole. She was married at 21 to her kinsman,['kɪnzmən] 男性亲戚；同族者Jean Baptiste de la lande, Marquis du Deffand, from whom she separated in 1722. She later became the mistress['mɪstrɪs]情妇；女主人；主妇；女教师；女能人of the regent,['riːdʒ(ə)nt摄政王；摄政者Philippe, duc d' Orleans. She also lived on intimate terms with Jean- Francois Henault, president of the Parlement of Paris till his death in 1770.1. Inaugural address: since 1937, Inauguration[ɪ,nɔːgjʊ'reɪʃ(ə)n] 就职典礼；开始Day has been ch anged to Jan. 20. On this day every four years the newly elected president of the United States faces the people for the first time, takes the presidential oath of office and delivers his inaugura l address.2. Solemn oath:[əuθ誓言，誓约the presidential oath, traditionally administered 执行by the Chief Justice, is prescribed in Article II, section 1 of the Constitution of the United States. The oath ru ns as follows: "I do solemnly男性化的swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute['eksɪkjuːt]实行；执行；处死the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, pre serve,保存；保护；维持[prɪ'zɜːv]protect and defend the Constitution of the United States. "3. The belief that the rights of man.., hand of God: refers to a passage in the American Declarat ion of Independence: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, th at they are endowed [[in'dau]赋予；捐赠by their Creator with certain unalienable[ʌn'eɪlɪənəb(ə)l]不可剥夺的Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. "4. Command of Isaiah: one of the greatest Hebrew['hi:bru希伯来人，犹太人prophets['prɔfit]先知；预言者whose writings are extant'ekstənt现存的；[古]显著的(late 8th century B. C. ) ; venerated[' venəreɪt]崇敬，尊敬by rabbis 犹太）拉比（对有学识的人的尊称）；法学博士as 2nd only to Moses. The Book of Isaiah,[ai'zaiə]以赛亚书（圣经旧约）；a book in the Old Testament of the Bible of the Christian, is believed to be a work of two authors of different periods; chapters 1--39 relate to the history of the Israelites; chapters 40--66 foretell[fɔː'tel]预言；预示；预告the coming of the Messiah.弥赛亚（犹太人所期待的救世主）；[mi'saiə] The quotation[kwə(ʊ)'teɪʃ(ə)n]引用语；引证i n the text is taken from chapter 58, verse 6: "Is not this the fast that I have chosen? to loose t he bands of wickedness, to undo the heavy burdens, and to let the oppressed go free, and that ye break every yoke?"NOTES1. Ursula Le Guin: Born in Berkeley, California in 1929, she was educated at Radcliff College and Columbia University. Some of her novels are A Wizard of Earthsea地海巫师(1968), The Tomb s of Atuan 地海古墓( 1971 ), The Farthest Shore遥远的海岸(1972), The Dispossessed被剥夺者(1974), and The Beginning Place 开始的地方(1980). Her shorter works include two collections:[kə'lekʃənz] . 收集The Wind's Twelve Quarters风的十二个季度(1975) and Orsinian Tales Orsinian故事(1976), and Sur : A Summary Report of the Yelcho Expedition to the Antarctic, 1909 - 10 (1983).2. Omelas: a fictional['fɪkʃənl]小说的name for an ideal city described by the writer3. water-meadow: low-lying['ləu'laiiŋ]低洼的grassland['grɑːslænd]草原kept lush[lʌʃ]丰富的and green by constant water logging水淹4. the bomb: atom bomb; also nuclear weapons in general--usually used with the article the5. drooz: a fictional name {or a pleasant but not habit-forming drugNOTES1. Horton and Edwards: joint authors of the book书的联合作者, Backgrounds of American Literary Thought (1967), 美国文学思想的背景from which this piece is taken.2. The Sad Young Men: a term created by F. Scott Fitzgerald司各特•菲茨杰拉德in his book All t he Sad Young Men to describe the disillusioned[dɪsɪ'luːʒ(ə)nd醒悟的；幻想破灭的；不抱幻想的po st-World War I younger generation, especially the young writers who lived as expatriates[ɪks'pætr ɪət; -'peɪtrɪət; eks-] 移居海外的人；亡命国外者in west Europe for a short time. They were also called the "lost generation" by Gertrude Stein.3. flask-toting: always carrying a small flask [flɑːsk]；长颈瓶filled with whisky or other strong liq uor['lɪkə]酒，含酒精饮料；溶液；液体；烈酒4. crash of the world economic structure: referring to the Great Depression in U.S. history, the s evere[sɪ'vɪə]严峻的；严厉的；剧烈的economic crisis supposedly[sə'pəʊzɪdlɪ]可能；按照推测；恐怕precipitated [pri'sipiteitid] . 使沉淀；促成；；使陷入by the U. S. stock-market crash of 1929. T he American depression produced severe effects abroad, especially in Europe.5. Roosevelt: Theodore Roosevelt西奥多·罗斯福（前美国总统(1859-1919), 26th President of the U nited States (1901-- 09). He drew considerable criticism for his glorification[,ɡlɔ:rifi'keiʃən]赞颂o f military strength and his patriotic [pætrɪ'ɒtɪk爱国的fervor['fɜːvə]热情；热烈. After the outbreak of World War I he attacked Wilson' s neutrality[njuː'trælɪtɪ] 中立；中性policy; and when the Unit ed States entered the war he pleaded [pliːd] 借口；为...辩护；托称vainly['veinli] 徒劳地；无益地t o be allowed to raise and command a volunteer force.志愿队伍7. turn belly up: to finish, to end; a term borrowed from fishing. A fish that floats belly['belɪ] . 腹部；胃；食欲vt. 使鼓起up is dead.8. the strife of 1861--65: the Civil War between the Northern (Federal) States and Southern (Con federate[kən'fed(ə)rət]同盟国) States, which resulted in victory for the former and the abolition of slavery9. fracas with Spain in 1898: the Spanish-American War (1898), a brief conflict between Spain a nd the United States arising out of Spanish policies in Cuba. It was, to a large degree, brought about by the efforts of U. S. expansionists.[ɪk'spænʃənɪst]领土扩张论者；扩张主义者On May 7, a U. S. squadron ['skwɒdrən]空军中队under George Dewey sailed into the harbor of Manila马尼拉（菲律宾首都）, Philippine Islands, and in a few hours thoroughly defeated the Spanish fleet 西班牙舰队there.10. San Juan Hill: in East Cuba, near the city of Santiago[,sænti:'eiɡəu圣地亚哥（智利首都）deCuba. It was the scene场面；情景；景象(July, 1898) of a battle in the Spanish-American war, in which Theodore Roosevelt西奥多·罗斯福and the Rough Riders狂野骑士took part.11. National Guard: U. S. militia. In peace time the National Guard is placed under state jurisdicti on[,dʒʊərɪs'dɪkʃ(ə)n]司法权，审判权，管辖权；and can be used by governors to quell[kwel]平息；镇压；减轻；消除local disturbances.干扰；失调In times of war or other emergencies,在时代的战争或其他紧急情况the National Guard isabsorbed into the active service of the United States and the President is commander-in-chief.总司令12. Fourth-of-duly: U. S. Independence Day, commemorating[kə'meməreɪt] 庆祝，纪念the adoptio n[ə'dɒpʃ(ə)n]采用；收养；接受of the Declaration of Independence. Traditionally, it has been cele brated with the firing['faɪərɪŋ] 开火；烧制；解雇；生火of guns and fireworks, parades,[pə'reidz]游行open-air meetings, and patriotic speeches.13. Gopher Prairies: backward, undeveloped areas of the prairies大草原14. "made the world safe for democracy": The exact quotation from Woodrow Wilson' s Address to Congress (April 2, 1917) is, "The world must be made safe for democracy."15. Napoleonic cynicism: as conqueror, Napoleon cynically['sinikli] . 爱嘲笑地；冷笑地rearranged[r iːə'reɪn(d)ʒ]重新排列；重新整理the whole map of Europe. The victorious[vɪk'tɔːrɪəs] . 胜利的；凯旋的allies of World War I did the same at Versailles.[vεə'sai]凡尔赛（法国城市18. Dutch Colonial home: spacious['speɪʃəs]宽敞的，广阔的；无边无际的houses following the style of Dutch Colonial architecture['ɑːkɪt ektʃə]荷兰殖民时期的建筑19. Floral Heights: referring, perhaps, to Floral Park on Long Island, a residential[rezɪ'denʃ(ə)l] 住宅的；与居住有关的suburb['sʌbɜːb] 郊区；边缘of New York. It has a commercial flower industr y.商业花卉产业20. Rotary (International): organization of business and professional men, founded (1905) by Paul Percy Harris, a Chicago lawyer. Besides Rotary clubs in the United States, other branches were established in many countries throughout the world. The name was derived from the original cus tom of meeting in rotation[rə(ʊ)'teɪʃ(ə)n]旋转；循环，轮流at the members' places of business.22. Pound: Ezra Pound (1885--1972), American poet, critic, ['krɪtɪk]批评家，评论家and translator; An extremely important influence in the shaping of 20th century poetry, he was one of the most famous and controversial[kɒntrə'vɜːʃ(ə)l]有争议的；有争论的literary figures of this century-- prai sed as a subtle['sʌt(ə)l]微妙的；精细的；敏感的and complex modern poet, dismissed开除，解散（dismiss的过去分词）；摒弃as a naive egotist['egətɪst] 自高自大者and pedant, ['ped(ə)nt] 卖弄学问的人；空谈家condemned 已被定罪的；被责难的as a traitor['treɪtə叛徒；卖国贼；背信弃义的人and reactionary.[rɪ'ækʃ(ə)n(ə)rɪ]反动分子；反动派During World War Ⅱhe broadcast Fascist ['f æʃɪst] 法西斯主义者；法西斯党员propaganda[prɒpə'gændə]宣传；传道总会to the United States f or the Italians and wasindicted[ɪn'daɪt]for treason. Pound's major works are: Homage to Sextus Propertius; Hugh Selw 3rn Manberley, and the Cantos.29.Left Bank: left bank of the River Seine[seɪn]塞纳河（法国北部河流，流经巴黎in Paris, famou s for its open-air book stalls.露天书摊位The Latin quarter,拉丁区the haunt[hɔːnt]栖息地；常去的地方of university students and teachers, is also on the left bank.32. Fitzgerald[fits'dʒerəld]: F. Scott Fitzgerald司各特•菲茨杰拉德(1896-1940), American novelist a nd short-story writer. Fitzgerald is considered the literary spokesman of the "jazz age"-- the deca de of the 1920s. Among his famous works are: This Side of Paradise天堂的这一面; The Beautifuland Damned; 美丽与毁灭The Great Gatsby; Tales of the Jazz Age ; All the Sad Young Men, e tc.33. Faulkner: William Faulkner威廉·福克纳（美国小说家）(1897-1962), American novelist. As a wri ter Faulkner's primary concern was to probe[prəʊb]调查；探测his own region,['riːdʒ(ə)n] 地区；范围；部位the deep south. He was awarded the 1949 Nobel Prize in literature. His best-known n ovels are: The Sound and the Fury; 喧哗与骚动As I Lay Dying在我弥留之际; Sanctuary['sæŋ(k) tjʊərɪ避难所；至圣所；耶路撒冷的神殿; A Fable, 一个寓言故事etc.。