commonplace today. He did away with all the florid prose of the 19th century Victorian era and replaced it with a lean,
clear prose based on action rather than reflection. He also
节号的作用，它省略的是情味和韵致；而海明威省略的则是完
全不同质的东西——实体经验。这种“经验省略”涉及的决不 仅仅是个“简洁”的问题，它还关涉着对世界的认知与呈示问
题，关涉着小说家对生活中的情境和境遇的传达方式问题，从
中有可能生成一种小说的情境美学。
Influence
Hemingway pioneered a new style of writing that is almost
beings. Wars contributed to Hemingway’s basic
views on the human society and as well set a dull
and gloomy tone for his early works.
Background
Being a reporter laid a good foundation for
those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them.
The dignity of movement of an ice-berg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A writer who omits things because he dose not know them only makes hollow places in his writing. --Ernest Hemingway in the Death in the Afternoon
情感和思想的含蓄性。
2
Background
Background
The need to completely change the florid style of
literature in the 19th century Victorian era.
Hemingway’s years’ life experiences and his way of thinking about lives. In Hemingway’s point of view, wars, succeeded by an unstable society, brought about unprecedented disasters to human
Reprezentative examples
《白象似的群山》：
小说讲述一对男女恋人在车站酒巴等火车时 , 两人之 间的一些对话 。 最初从他们的对话中 , 我们看到这一对 男女青年之间并没有什么隔阂 , 甚至是很友好 。姑娘说 要喝啤酒 , 男人马上吩咐要两大杯 ; 姑娘想尝尝掺了水 的茴香酒 , 男人马上让酒保照办 。在之后的对话中 , 我 们似乎感到了男女的分歧 : 女人总是眺望远方 , 看到远 处的群山像一群白象 ; 而男人更关心的是让女人去手术 。 这种分歧只是在平平淡淡中发生的 , 好象也没有什么真正 的矛盾冲突 。
Iceberg Principle
海明威的“冰山原则”创作理论
Outline
1 2 3 4
Origin and Definition
Background Methods and Representative examples Development and Influence
1
Origin and Definition
Origin
If a writer of prose knows enough of what he is writing about, he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of
“完全哲理化人类形象和人类精神。”这些渲染人
类社会的生存氛围，凸显了《老人与海》的主题。
3
Development and Influence
Development
“A few things I have found to be true. If you leave out important things or events that you know about, the story is strengthened. If you leave or skip something because you do not know it, the story will be worthless. The test of any story is how very good the stuff that you, not your editors, omit." "You could omit anything if you knew that you omitted and the omitted part would strengthen the story and make people
的思想是构成”冰山原则”的四个基本要素。具体 地说，文字和形象是所谓的“八分之一”，而情感 和思想是所谓的“八分之七”。前两者是具体可见 的，后两者是寓于前两者之中的。文字塑造了形象，
形象包含了情感，而情感之中蕴涵着思想。诚然，
就一般文作品而言，这四个要素都是必不可少的，
但在海明威的作品中显得尤为突出，因为他强调了
Reprezentative examples
“我说我们本来可以舒舒服服享受生活中的一切 。 ”
“我们能够做到这一点的 。 ” “不 , 我们不能 。 ”
“我们可以拥有整个世界 。 ”
“不 , 我们不能 。 ” “我们可以到处去逛逛 。 ”
“不 , 我们不能 , 这个世界不再是我们的 。 ”
“我觉得好极了。”她说，“我又没有什么毛病罗。我觉得好极了”
his own special language style.
3
Methods and Reprezentative Examples
Methods
Symbolism-象征手法 He emphasizes the role of implication, which is, in fact, the basis
employed a technique by which he would leave out essential information of the story under the belief that omission can sometimes add strength to a narrative. It was a style of subtlety which contrasted greatly (and in a way enhanced) the themes he wrote about...war, blood sports like owe a debt of influence to Hemingway. bullfighting or boxing, crime, etc. It is hard to find anyone writing today who doesn't
战后青年对人生万念俱灰，及时行乐的主题凸现出来
Reprezentative examples
《老人与海》:
海明威对象征手法的运用在这里已经成为一
种自觉。如：大海象征着所有人面临的变化无常的 神秘处境，马林鱼象征着人生的目标，鲨鱼象征着
永远无法摆脱的暴力与悲剧，多次出现于老人梦中
的狮子象征着勇气与力量，老人桑迪亚哥则象征着
Manmore with an axe--拿着板斧的人（简练文风） direct emotion, sincerity, realism and
简洁直白的文字塑造了形象，白描式的形象包含
了丰富的情感，而情感之中蕴涵着深刻的思想。
Methods
海明威的“冰山原则”首先表现在对语言的运用上，即简约 的文字。在容易被读者察觉的“八分之一”的文字表达里， 客观的叙述，直观的描写，将文字节俭到吝啬的地步。在海 明威的作品中，我们见不到过多的形容词、副词等修饰性言 辞。他总是用近乎直白的描述，展示人物及人物的处境，利 用名词的准确性和动词的生动性刻画其人物，使读者根据自
Hemingway’s “iceberg principle”. His terseness
and accuracy had some in common with the language used in news report. Nevertheless, he didn’t lose his personality in such a strict regulations of words, on the contrary he created
feel something more than they understood."
--Ernest Heimingway The Art of the Short Story
Development
小说家马原认为“冰山理论”的更内在的质素可以概括为 “经验省略”。他指出开始许多评论家把海明威的省略与传统 的留空白理论等同起来，以为这是一种含蓄手法的运用，言有 尽而意无穷，这是一个大的失误。传统的省略方法很类似于删