动词不定式和动名词的句法功能比较-初中语法————————————————————————————————作者:————————————————————————————————日期:ﻩ初中英语动词不定式和动名词用法比较ﻫ一、作主语⒈不定式作主语ﻫ动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:ﻫ(1)把不定式置于句首。
如: ﻫToget therebybike will take us half anhour.ﻫ(2)用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。
如:ﻫ①It+be+名词+to doﻫIt's ourduty totake goodcare of the old.②Ittakes sb+some time+to doHow long did ittakeyou tofinish the work?③It+be+形容词+for sb+to do ﻫIt is difficult forusto finish writingthe compositionin a quarter ofan hour. ﻫ④It+be+形容词+ofsb+to doIt is stupid of youto writedown everythingtheteachersays.ﻫ⑤Itseems(a ppears)+形容词+todoIt seemed impossible to savemoney.在句型③中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等;在句型④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupi d,wise等表示赞扬或批评的词。
在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语。
这一句式有时相当于Sb is+形容词+to do 句式,如:It'skindof you to help mewith my English.=You are kind to helpme withmy English. ﻫ⒉动名词作主语ﻫLearning without practice is no good.动名词作主语时,也常用It句式。
如:①It's +no good(no use,fun,a pleasure,a waste of time)+doing… ﻫIt'sno good reading in dim light.It's no usesitting here waiting.②It's+形容词+doing ﻫIt'sdangerous swimminginthe sea inwindy days. ﻫ这样用的形容词有expensive,nice,tiring等,但important,necessary则不适用于这种结构,应用不定式代替,如:It'simportant for youto keep fit.③There is no+doing ﻫThere is no saying what will happennext.在这一结构中,动名词后常带宾语,相当于"It's impossible to…"结构。
⒊动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别①不定式作主语经常表示具体动作,常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起;而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动作,经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。
如: ﻫIt's no good eating too much fat.ﻫIt'sno good for youto eatso much fat. ﻫ②动名词结构作主语,可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语。
如:ﻫIt's nouse yourpretendingthat you didn't knowthe rules. ﻫ二、作宾语⒈不定式作宾语ﻫ①以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语。
如:agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long,ﻫmanage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等,这些词大部分可接that引导的从句。
如: ﻫI decidedto ask formy money back.I decided that Iwouldask for my money back.When our visit to thefarm was over,weexpectedto startback on foot.When our visit to the farmwasover, weexpected thatwewould start back on foot. ﻫ②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:主语+动词+it+补语+to do句式。
如:Wethink it quiteimportantfor us to learn a foreignlanguagewell.Hefeels ithisdutytohelp the poor. ﻫ③介词but,except,besides+to do(do)ﻫ在这种句型中,如介词前有动词do,后面应接不带to的不定式;如无do,则接to不定式,即带do不带to,带to不带do。
如:ﻫTheenemysoldiers had no choice but to give in.On Sunday afternoonIhadnothing to dobut watchTV.⒉动名词作宾语ﻫ①以下动词后,只能接动名词作宾语,如:admit,appreciate,consider,delay,en joy,finish,keep,imagine,mind,miss,practise,,risk,save,suggest,mind,give up,insist,on, put off等。
如:ﻫIsuggest spending our summer vacationin a seasidetown.You mustgive up smoking, forit doestoo much harm toyour health. ﻫ②动名词作介词的宾语I should goto attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home.What aboutinviting LiJun tomake a speech? ﻫ动名词前的介词有时可以省略,如:have difficulty (in)doing,have no trouble(in)doing,lose notime(in)doing,prevent/stop…(from)doing,there is nouse(in)doing等。
⒊部分动词后面,既可接动词不定式,也可接动名词作宾语,意义不变。
如:begin,continue,start,hat4.部分动词后接不定式或动名词时,意义差别较大,应根据句子语境e,like,love,need,require,want等。
ﻫ选择使用。
①forget,remember,regret后接不定式,表示现在或未来的动作,接动名词表示动作已经发生。
如:Don'tforget fopost the letter for me. ﻫHaveyou forgottenmeeting her in Beiji ng Airport?ﻫRemember to closethewindows before youleave.Iremember writing him a letter a year ago. ﻫWeregret to tellyou that all ofyou are notinvited toattend the meeting.They regrettedordering these booksfromabroad.②mean todo 打算做某事ﻫdoing 意味着…… ﻫI meantto catch up with theearly bus.Thismeans wasting a lotof money. ﻫ③tryto do 设法尽力做某事doing试着做某事ﻫYou should try to overcome your shortcomings.Try working out the physics problem inanotherway.④stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事(不定式作目的状语)doing 停止做某事On the way to the airport,I stopped to buy a paper. ﻫYou'd better stop arguing anddo asyou are told.⑤can't helpdoing 禁不住……can’t helpto do不能帮助干……They couldn'thelp jumpingup at the news.Sorry I havelots of work to do.SoIcan't helpto makeup the room for you. ﻫ⑥go ontodo 做不同的事或不同内容的事ﻫgo ondoing继续不停地做某事,指同一动作的继续ﻫHe went onto talk aboutworld situation.他接着又谈了世界形势。
We'llgo onfighting solong as thereis oppression intheworld.三、做表语ﻫ不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作;动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。
①To be kindto the enemy isto be cruel tothe people. ﻫ②My chief purpose is to point outthedifficulties ofthematter.ﻫ③What Iwould suggest isto putoffthe meeting.ﻫ四、作定语ﻫ⒈不定式作定语ﻫ不定式在句中作定语,置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。
如: ﻫ①Thenext trainto arrive isfrom Washington. ﻫ②Have you anythingto betakento your sister?③Do you have anything to say onthequestion?④Wouldyou please give mesome paperto write on?ﻫ⑤Mywish to visit France has come true at last.不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系:ﻫ(1)表示将来的动作(例①)。