时态：【注】构成时态的助动词be (is, am, are), have (has), shall, will 等需根据主语的变化来选择。
时态是英语中一个重要的语法范畴，它表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态以及动作发生或存在的方式。
动作发生的时间可分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种形式（即时），动作发生的方式可分为一般、完成、进行和完成进行四种形式（即体）。
将时间形式和动作方式结合起来，就构成了以下英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。
英语中的时态共有十六种，要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。
可以看出“时”的变化体现在助动词上，“体”的变化体现在助动词及动词上。
（1）一般现在时基本形式（以do为例）：第三人称单数：does（主语为非第三人称单数）；肯定句：主语＋动词原形＋其他；He works for us.否定句：主语＋don‘t/doesn't＋动词原形＋其他；He doesn't work for us.一般疑问句：Do/Does＋主语＋动词原形＋其他。
肯定回答：Yes，（＋主语＋do/does）．否定回答：No，（＋主语＋don't/doesn't.）特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句语Does he work for us?Yes, he does.No, he doesn'tWhat does he do for us?He works for us.（2）一般过去时be动词＋行为动词的过去式否定句式：在行为动词前加didn‘t，同时还原行为动词，或was／were＋not；was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did提问，同时还原行为动词例如：Did he work for us? He didn't work for us. He worked for u s.（3）一般将来时am／are／is＋going to＋do 或will／shall＋doam/is/are/about to + doam/is/are to + do;一般将来时的表达方法be going to +动词原形be +不定式,be to+动词原形,be about to ＋动词原形be able to +不定式be about to+动词原形will + 动词原形；例如：He is going to work for us.He will work for us；He is coming.这是特殊的用一般现在时表达将来时态的例子！！(4)过去将来时be（was，were）going to+动词原形be（was，were）about to+动词原形be（was，were）to+动词原形肯定句：主语+be（was，were）going to+动词原形～.否定句：主语+be（was，were）not going to+动词原形～.疑问句：Be（Was，Were）+主语+going to+动词原形～？肯定句：主语+would（should）+动词原形～.否定句：主语+would（should）not+动词原形～.疑问句：Would（Should）+主语+动词原形～？He would work for us.(5)现在进行时主语+be+v.ing〔现在分词〕形式(其中v表示动词)表示现在正在进行的动作或最近在做的事。
例如：I am buying a book.第一人称+am+doing+sth第二人称+are+doing +sth （doing是泛指所有的v-ing形式）第三人称+is+doing+sth例：He is working.(6)过去进行时肯定句：主语+was/were+doing+其它否定句：主语+was/were+not+doing+其它一般疑问句及答语：Was/Were+主语+doing+其它；答语：Yes,I主语+was/were. /No,I主语+wasn't/weren't.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+was/were+主语+doing+其它He was working when he was alive.(7)将来进行时主语+will + be +现在分词He will be working for us.=He will work for us.(8)过去将来进行时should(would)+be+现在分词He said that he would be working for us.=He said that he would work for u s.(9)现在完成时基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done)①肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他\He has worked for us for ten years.Has he worked for us for ten years.(10)过去完成时基本结构：主语+had+过去分词(done)①肯定句：主语+had+过去分词+其他②否定句：主语+had+not+过去分词+其他③一般疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词+其他肯定回答：Yes,主语+had否定回答：No,主语+hadn't④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（had+主语+过去分词+其他）语法判定:（ 1 ）by + 过去的时间点。
如：I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.（ 2 ）by the end of + 过去的时间点。
如：We had learnt over two thousand English words by the end of last term.（ 3 ）before + 过去的时间点。
如：They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.(11)将来完成时（shall）will+have+动词过去分词before+将来时间或by+将来时间before或by the time引导的现在时的从句He will have worked for us.=He will work for us.(12)过去将来完成时should / would have done sth.He said that he would have worked for us.=He said that he would work for us.(13)现在完成进行时基本与现在完成时相同，但是现在完成进行时只能表示仍然持续的概念have/has been +-ing 分词He has been working for us for ten years.=He has worked for us for ten yea rs.(14)过去完成进行时had been +-ing 分词He said that he had been working for us for ten years.=He said that he had worked for us for ten years.(15)将来完成进行时主语+ shall/will have been doingHe will have been working for us.=He will work for us.翻译为：他最近一直在为我们工作（过去在工作，现在在工作，将来还会工作）(16)过去将来完成进行时should+have been+现在分词用于第一人称would have been+现在分词用于其他人称He said that he would have been working for us.=He said that he would wor k for us.语态语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。
主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。
一、被动语态的用法：1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词Our classroom is cleaned everyday.I am asked to study hard.Knives are used for cutting things.2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词A new shop was built last year.Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.3. 现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词This book has been translated into many languages.Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.4. 一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词A new hospital will be built in our city.Many more trees will be planted next year.5. 含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词Young trees must be watered often.Your mistakes should be corrected right now.The door may be locked inside.Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.6. 现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→My bike is being repaired by Tom now.They are planting trees ov er there. →Trees are being planted over there by them.7. 不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词There are two books to be read. →There are twenty more trees to be planted.二、不用被动语态的情况1) 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态：appear, die disappear, end (vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie,remain, sit, spread, standbreak out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart,take place.After the fire, very little remained of my house.比较：rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。