延续性动词与非延续性动词动词按其动作发生的方式、发生过程的长短可分为延续性动词与非延续性动词。
一.延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,如:study, learn,work, stand,lie,know, walk, keep, have,wait, watch, sing,read, sleep,li ve,stay等。
延续性动词可以与表示时间段的状语连用。
延续性动词的用法很广,常见于现在完成时中的句子中,且常与for,how,long,since等引导的表示一段时间的状语或状语从句连用。
表示时间段的短语有:1.for+一段时间, eg: for2 years; for a longtime等2.since从句,sincehe came here;3.since+时间点名词+ago, eg:since last year, since 5daysago;4.howlong;二.非延续性动词也称终止性动词、瞬间动词或点动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。
如:open,die,close, begin,finish,come, go, move, borrow, lend, buy, move, happen,marry,arrive/rea ch, post,fall, break, lose,give, join, receive,hear,he间的的状语连用。
这类动词不是不能用于完成时态。
只是不能用于由how long提问的句子和含有for+一段时间的完成时态中。
常见的这类动词有:go, come,leave,arrive,lose, land, catch,j oin, kill,find等。
例如:1. Hehasjoined the clubforalong time.( 错)2.Hehasbeenamemberof theclub fora long time.(对)3.His grandfather has died for over30 years. ( 错)4. Hisgrandfather has been dead for over 30 years. (对)【注意】之所以将这些动词称为瞬间动词,是因为这些动词在眨眼之间发生并终结。
故不能与表达“段”的长时间状语连用,不论是在进行时还是现在完成时中。
下面的例句是正确的:1. He isdying.2. He hasdied.一个生物体是死是活,界与其终结生命的前与后的一霎那,如果上述例句加上了表达段的时间状语,试请问:该人是死是活?但是,有几个表示去向的非延续性动词如go, come, start, leave等,可以同表示时间段的状语for短语连用。
但要注意,这种用法的for 短语表示的不是句中谓语动词延续的时间,而是该动词动作完成后再做某事所需要的时间。
例如:1. She has gone to Nanjing for three days. (= She’s come here,intending tostayfor three days.)2. Alice has leftforParis for threemonths. (=Alice hasleft forParis,intending tostaythere for three months.)3.Weare starting forShanghai for two weeks.(= We aregoing toShanghai,and weare planning to staythere fortwo weeks.)【注意】学生如果遇到与第一点所不符的情况,如本点所讲述,不要轻易下结论为“错题”,应该认真分析后再做结论。
比如我们学过了这样的结构:makesomebody do something;而我们常可见到这样的句子:Hemade a candle to give light.在这个句子中的宾语后面明显带了to,与短语所表达的不符,但我们不要忘了:make 的基本意思为“制造”,并且,不定式结构在短语中充当宾语补足语,而在例句中充当状语。
非延续性谓语动词后有非谓语动词时,可与表示一段时间的状语连用,这时,时间状语所修饰的不是句中的谓语动词,而是非谓语动词。
例如:1. She went to work for twoweeks. (for two weeks修饰to work)2.He began to read English foroveran hour. ( for overan hour 修饰to read.)【注意】了解了上述第二点,这一点要好理解的多:一般情况下,这些状语都会放在所修饰的动词或短语附近,稍加分析则不会产生误解。
如果非延续性谓语动词是否定完成时时,表示的是一种状态,故可同表示一段时间的状语连用;如果非延续性谓语动词的完成时表示经常重复的行为,可同表示时段的时间状语连用,但应慎用。
例如:1.She hasn’t taken part in labor forweeks.2. I have oftengone to Beijing since1985.【注意】这一点的关键是:完成时表达的是“状态”,而后面表达段的时间是:“这种状态持续了如此长的时间”。
在不同的语言环境中,有些动词可以作延续性动词或非延续性动词,如:sit,walk,move, run, feel 等。
如果要与for+ 时间段,since+年份,since+时间段+ago,howlong连用时,瞬间性动词要变延续性动词。
三.延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换:例:(1)他死了三年了。
误:He has died for three years.正:Hehasbeen dead forthree years.正:Hedied three years ago.正:It isthreeyears sincehe died.正:Threeyears has passed since he died.(2)他来这儿五天了。
误:He has come here for fivedays.正:He has been here for five days.正:Hecame herefive days ago.正:It isfive days since hecamehere.正:Five days has passed since he came here.(1)、(2)句中的die、come为终止性动词,不能与表示"段时间"的状语连用。
那么,应如何正确表达呢?可以采用下面的四种方法:(1)将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词, 如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式.(2)将句中表示"段时间"的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语,如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式。
(3)用句型"Itis+段时间+since..."表达原意,如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。
(4)用句型"时间+has passed+since..."表达原意,如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式。
四、终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中,成为可以延续的状态,因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用。
如:1.Hehasn't left here since 1986.2.I haven't heard from my father for two weeks.五、终止性动词的否定式与until/till连用,构成"not+终止性动词+until/till ..."的句型,意为"直到……才……"。
如:1. Youcan't leave here until I arrive.直到我到了,你才能离开这里。
2. I will notgo to bed until I finishdrawingthe picturetonight.今天晚上直到我画完画,我才上床睡觉。
六、终止性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中,但不可以用于while 引导的时间状语从句中。
when表示的时间是"点时间"(从句谓语动词用终止性动词),也可以是"段时间"(从句谓语动词用延续性动词)。
而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程,从句谓语动词用延续性动词。
如:1.Whenwe reachedLondon, it wastwelve o'clock.(reach为终止性动词)2.Please look after mydaughterwhile/whenwe are away.(be away为延续性动词短语)七、终止性动词完成时不可与howlong连用(只限于肯定式)。
如:误:Howlong have you come here?正:Howlonghave you beenhere?正:When didyou come here?误区[ 一]瞬间动词的完成时误区之一是:现在完成时表达的是“从前发生的动作”,“延续到现在”。
而瞬间动词一瞬间便完成了从发生到结束的全过程,能有完成时吗? 现在完成时虽然动作“发生在过去”但其“影响”持续到现在。
因整个存在的时间短,所以其完成时不与表达“段”的时间连用。
[ 二]瞬间动词的进行时误区二:leave, come等终结性动词,没有进行时的形式。
例如come 这一个词,(尤其在肯定句中,可参见第四点)不与表达段的时间状语连用。
比如我们不说: He has comefor days. 而要说: He came days ago.或: It’s dayssincehecame.常说的He is coming. /He is leaving./ Heisdying等,并不是表示动作“正在进行”, 而是表示“动作即将发生”。
补充练习:1.When hearrived atthebus stop, the bus ___ for 20minutes.A. has left B.had leftC.hasbeenawayD.hadbeen away2. I_____ the League for 5 years sofar.A. joined B. have joinedC.have been in3.The factory_____since the February of1988.A. has been openB.has openedC.wasopen D. opened4. Mary and Rose_______friends sincethey met in 2000. A. have made B. have beenC. made D.havebecome5.You mustn't____until hecomes back.A.be away B.leave C. be left6.The meeting _______for a week now.A. has finishedB. has endedC. hasbeen over7.Miss Gao______thisschool fornearly5years.A.has been inB.has cometoC. has taught8.Ben______ a teacher for 4years .A.has been B.has becomeC.wasD. became9. I ______homefora week.A. have returnedB. have beenbackC.returned10. Howlong_______he ________ ?A.died B. has,diedC. has,been dead11.He_____ateight yesterday afternoon.A.sleptB.was sleepingC. hassleep D. hadslept12.He ________the car fora week.A. bought B. hasboughtC. has had13.-----Howlong _____you _____ ill ? -----Two weeks.A.did fall B.have, fellC.have,been14.Since 2000, he_____hishometown.A. has leftB.hasmoved awayC.hasbeen away from15.I'lllend you thebook, but you can only ____ it for 2 days.A. borrow B.keep C.take16.The bus______ onthe roadfor2 hourssofar.A. has stopped B. stopped C.has been17.Are you _____ the jacket thesedays?A. wearingB. putting onC.dressing D.on18. He________foe 2 hours.A. gotupB. has gotupC. has beenup19. Tom is ill in hospital. He _______ a cold for several days.A. is B.catchesC.has caught D. has had20.-----Howlong can I ______ the book? ------Two weeks.A.borrow B. lendC. get D. keep练习答案1---5 DC A B B;6---10 C A A B C;11---15 BCC C B; 16---20C A CD D。