环境学试题（开卷）任课院系：资源与环境学院环境科学系任课教师：张颖出题人：张颖课程名称：环境学开课专业班级：环工02 考生人数：58英语生作答Part A: Words explanation（40’）1. Environment2. Ecosystem3.Conservation Ethic4. Ethics and Morals5. Environmental risk assessment6. Kinetic Molecular Theory7. Catalysts8. Respiration 9.Ecology 10 .Habitat 11. Niche 12. Community13. Food Chain 14.Decomposers 15 Succession 16. Phytoplankton 17 .Population18. Carrying Capacity 19. Renewable Energy 20. ReservePart B: Choose the right answer（40’）1.The official name of the 1992 Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit is the World Conference on theEnvironment.a: True b: False2.The use of pesticides in agriculture often results in both surface water and groundwaterpollution.a: True b: False3.Environmental problems are difficult to resolve mainly becausea: the problems are technically too complex.b: they are interrelated with societal issues like jobs and growth.c: the required anti-pollution equipment is not commercially available.d: industries continue to pollute.4. If PCB concentrations in phytoplankton in a lake are in the neighborhood of 0.002 ppm(parts per million) while PCB concentrations in lake water are 200 times lower, you would attribute the effect toa: biomagnification.b: bioaccumulation.c: biodegradation.d: biogeneration.5. All of the following statements about ecosystems are true EXCEPT:a: Ecosystems refer to the physical components of the environment.b: Ecosystems may be large or small in size.c: Lake Erie is an ecosystem.d: Ecosystem boundaries may or may not be distinct.6. Which is NOT a theory of environmental ethics?a: anthropocentricismb: biocentricismc: ethnocentricismd: ecocentricism7. Which major theory of environmental ethics holds that the environment deserves a kind ofdirect moral consideration that is not merely derived from human (or animal) interests?a: biocentricismb: ecocentricismc: environmental anthropocentricismd: developmental ethics8. How does the gap between rich and poor countries contribute to the current environmentalcrisis?a: Developed countries consume a disproportionate share of the resources.b: Rapid industrialization in developing countries poisons cities.c: Increased agricultural production in developing countries often destroys soils and forests.d: All of the above.9. Historically, the environmental movement has been a concern of middle-class whites.a: True b: False10. A preservation ethic is based on individualism and egocentricism.a: True b: False11.Cancer causing chemicals are calleda: mutagensb: carcinogensc: seraphimsd: androgens12. When people try to weigh whether a particular policy is worth the costs, they engage ina: price reductionsb: risk assessmentc: cost-benefit analysisd: sustainable development13. Which of the following IS NOT an element of the scientific method?a: observationb: hypothesisc: experimentationd: theory14. Which of the following IS NOT a chemical compound?a: sugarb: dioxinc: oxygend: sulfur dioxide15.The second law of thermodynamics says that, when converting energy from one form toanother, there can be no loss of total energy, but there is a loss of useful energy.a: True b: False16. Through living organisms return carbon to the atmosphere.a: photosynthesisb: respirationc: transpirationd: evaporation17. Acid rain with a pH of 4 is ____ times as acidic as rain of pH 6.a: 2b: 4d: 100018. Many plants have nitrogen fixing bacteria that live in their root nodules. This is an exampleofa: commensalismb: mutualismc: competitiond: ecological communities19. In a grassland, when tall grasses shade out short, shade intolerant species ecologists call thisinteractiona: parasitismb: predationc: competitiond: commensalisms20. In ecology, the process of more successful individuals surviving and reproducing largernumbers of offspring than unsuccessful individuals can reproduce is calleda: natural selectionb: predationc: mutualismd: speciation21. A trout cannot live in a slow, warm stream because the oxygen concentration in the water istoo low. In this case, the oxygen concentration isa: a range of toleranceb: a nichec: a limiting factord: a delineating factor22. Which of the following IS NOT a part of an organism's environment?a: the flow of energy necessary to maintain the organismb: climatec: all the plants and animals that the organism interacts with during its lifetimed: temperature23. Ecologists call the phenomenon "speciation" when two populations of a single speciesbecome separated for a long period of time and, as a result, two species eventually form as these two subgroups respond to different ecological pressures.a: True b: False24. The dominant species in a terrestrial pioneer community area: grassesb: beetlesc: lichensd: conifers25. Temperature and precipitation are the two major nonbiological factors that influence the typeof biome that is present in any particular geographic area.a: True b: False26. Which is an example of a marine ecosystem?b: pondc: laked: bog27. A change in altitude can affect climate in the same way as a change in longitude.a: True b: False28. Which of the following statements about a climax community is NOT true?a: It tends to accumulate large amounts of new material over time.b: It is essentially in energy balance.c: It is essentially in material balance.d: It tends to last longer than any other successional community.29. The birthrate refers to the annual number of live births per 1000 women in the populationa: True b: False30. Organisms known as r-strategists typically havea: high birthrates.b: high deathrates.c: fairly constant populations.d: high birthrates as well as high deathrates31. At a 1.4% annual growth rate, a population would double in size in about years.a: 40b: 50c: 60d: 7132. The number of individuals added to the population through reproduction is calleda: mortalityb: natalityc: emigrationd: immigration33. A major non-biological factor that determines family size is the status and education level ofwomen in a culture.a: True b: False34. In a less-developed country you would find all of the following EXCEPT (p. 107-108)a: high population densityb: low percentage of female literacyc: low per capita GNPd: All of the above are characteristic of less-developed countries35. OPEC stands for oil products exporting countries.a: True b: False36. Which of the following fuels is the least-polluting?a: Coal.b: Natural gas.c: Oil.d: Wood.37. There is a great difference between the electrical consumption in developed andless-developed countriesa: True b: False38. Which of the following is the most abundant fossil fuel?a: oilb: natural gasc: coald: gasoline39. Which of the following names the form of energy that can be successfully used in buildings,is relatively cheap to construct, and simply uses the sun to heat a surface, which warms the inside of the building.a: photovoltaic cellb: passive solarc: active solard: geothermal40. Renewable energy comprises only 3% of the commercially traded energy, with hydroelectricproviding the majority of that amount.a: True b: FalsePart C: Answer the following questions（20’）1. Describe why finding solutions to environmental problems is so difficult?2. What is the relationship between Economics and Sustainable Development?3. How does primary succession differ from secondary succession?4. How do r-strategists and k-strategists differ?俄语生作答一、概念题（每小题3分，共30分）1.环境2. 酸雨3.生物修复4. 光化学烟雾5. 土壤背景值6.水体自净7. “三同时”制度8. “33211工程”9. COD 10.“白色污染”二、简答题（每小题7分，共计56分）1.简述大气污染按污染物化学性质的分类及特点2.我国酸雨发生的主要特点是什么？3.简述温室效应与温室气体。