UNIT 1词组翻译1. artificial intelligence 人工智能2. paper-tape reader 纸带阅读器3. optical computer 光计算机4. neural network 神经网络5. instruction set 指令集6. parallel processing 并行处理7. difference engine 差分机8. versatile logical element 通用逻辑元件9. silicon substrate 硅衬底10. vacuum tube 真空管11. 数据的存储与处理the storage and handling of data12. 超大规模集成电路very large-scale integrated circuit13. 中央处理器central processing unit14. 个人计算机personal computer15. 模拟计算机analogue computer16. 数字计算机digital computer17. 通用计算机general-purpose computer18. 处理器芯片processor chip19. 操作指令operating instructions20. 输入设备input device完形填空We can define a computer as a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output. According to the mode of processing, computers are either analog or digital. They can also be classified as mainframes, minicomputers, workstations, or microcomputers. All else (for example, the age of the machine) being equal, this categorization provides some indication of the computer’s speed, size, cost, and abilities.Ever since the advent of computers, there have been constant changes.First-generation computers of historic significance, such as UNIVAC (通用自动计算机), introduced in the early 1950s, were based on vacuum tubes. Second-generation computers, appearing in the early 1960s, were those in which transistors replaced vacuum tubes. In third-generation computers, dating from the 1960s, integrated circuits replaced transistors. In fourth-generation computers such as microcomputers, which first appeared in the mid-1970s, large-scale integration enabled thousands of circuits to be incorporated on one chip. Fifth-generation computers are expected to combine very-large-scale integration with sophisticated approaches to computing, including artificial intelligence and true distributed processing.翻译P9计算机将变得更加先进，也将变得更加容易使用。
语音识别的改进将使计算机的操作更加容易。
虚拟现实，即使用所有人类官能与计算机进行交互的技术，也将有助于创建更好的人机接口。
人们正在开发其他的奇异计算模型，包括使用生物机体的生物计算、使用具有特定属性的分子的分子计算，以及使用遗传基本单位DNA （脱氧核糖核酸）存储数据和执行运算的计算。
这些都是可能的未来计算平台的例子，而它们迄今还能力有限或完全属于理论范畴。
科学家们研究它们，是因为嵌入硅中的电路的微小型化受到物理限制。
还有一些限制与即使最微小的晶体管也会产生的热量有关。
UNIT 2词组翻译1. function key 功能键，操作键，函数键2. voice recognition module 语音识别模块3. touch-sensitive region 触敏区4. address bus 地址总线5. flatbed scanner 平板扫描仪6. dot-matrix printer 点阵打印机（针式打印机）7. parallel connection 并行连接8. cathode ray tube 阴极射线管9. video game 电子游戏10. audio signal 音频信号11. 操作系统operating system12. 液晶显示（器）LCD (liquid crystal display)13. 喷墨打印机inkjet printer14. 数据总线data bus15. 串行连接serial connection16. 易失性存储器volatile memory17. 激光打印机laser printer18. 磁盘驱动器disk drive19. 基本输入／输出系统BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)20. 视频显示器video display完形填空CD-ROM stands for compact disc read-only memory. Unlike floppy and hard disks, which use magnetic charges to represent 1s and 0s, optical discs use reflected light. On a CD-ROM disc, 1s and 0s are represented by flat areas and bumpy (高低不平的) areas (called “pits”) on its bottom surface. The CD-ROM disc is read by a laser that projects a tiny beam of light on these areas. The amount of reflected light determines whether the area represents a 1 or a 0.Like a commercial CD found in music stores, a CD-ROM is a “read-only” disc.Read-only means it cannot be written on or erased by the user. Thus, you as a user have access only to the data imprinted (压印) by the publisher.A single CD-ROM disc can store650 megabyte s (兆字节) of data. That isequivalent to 451 floppy disks. With that much information on a single disc, the time to retrieve or access the information is very important. An important characteristic of CD-ROM drives is their access rate.翻译P31调制解调器是在模拟与数字信号之间进行转换的设备。
计算机使用的是数字信号，这种信号由离散单元组成，通常用一系列1和0 表示。
模拟信号是连续变化的；声波就是模拟信号的一个例子。
调制解调器经常用于实现计算机之间通过电话线的互相通信。
调制解调器将发送端计算机的数字信号转换成可通过电话线传输的模拟信号。
信号到达目的地后，另外一个调制解调器重构原来的数字信号，供接收端计算机处理。
如果两个调制解调器可同时互相发送数据，那么它们采用的就是全双工工作方式；如果一次只有一个调制解调器可以发送数据，那么它们采用的则是半双工工作方式。
UNIT 3词组翻译1. storage register 存储寄存器2. function statement 函数语句3. program statement 程序语句4. object-oriented language 面向对象语言5. assembly language 汇编语言6. intermediate language 中间语言，中级语言7. relational language 关系（型）语言8. artificial language 人工语言9. data declaration 数据声明10. Structured Query Language 结构化查询语言11. 可执行程序executable program12. 程序模块program module13. 条件语句conditional statement14. 赋值语句assignment statement15. 逻辑语言logic language16. 机器语言machine language17. 函数式语言functional language18. 程序设计语言programming language19. 运行计算机程序run a computer program20. 计算机程序员computer programmer完形填空A programming language is a language used to write instructions for thecomputer. It lets the programmer express data processing in a symbolic manner without regard to machine-specific details.The difficulty of writing programs in the machine language of 0s and 1s led first to the development of assembly language, which allows programmers to use mnemonics (助记符) for instructions and symbols for variables. Such programs are then translated by a program known as an assembler(汇编程序，汇编器) into the binary encoding used by the computer. Other pieces of system software known as linking loaders (连接装入程序) combine pieces of assembled code and load them into the machine’s main memory unit, where they are then ready for execution. The concept of linking separate pieces of code was important, since it allowed “libraries”of programs to be built up to carry out common tasks—a first step toward the increasingly emphasized notion of software reuse. Assembly language was found to be sufficiently inconvenient that higher-level languages (closer to natural languages) were invented in the 1950s for easier, faster programming; along with them came the need for compilers, programs that translate high-level language programs into machine code. As programming languages became more powerful and abstract, building efficient compilers that create high-quality code in terms of execution speed and storage consumption became an interesting computer science problem in itself.翻译P55面向对象程序设计语言，如C++和Java，基于传统的高级语言，但它们使程序设计员能够从合作对象集而非命令列表的角度进行思考。