Chapter1 Early and Medieval LiteratureThree stages of English literary development:The Roman Conquest（55BC——410AD）The Anglo-Saxon Period（410——1066AD）Three tribes：Jutes，the Angles，and the SaxonsThe Anglo-Saxon Chronicle盎格鲁撒克逊编年史The greatest literary achievement during this period is Beowulf。

Beowulf贝奥武甫——epic，alliteration★Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down. ★The whole epic is divided into two parts and tells of two major events in the life of Beowulf.①He kills a monster;②He fights a dragon.The Norman Conquest(1066-------1350AD)下层：ballad民谣（ballads which are the most important parts of English folk literature）上层：chivalry骑士文学：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight （alliteration verse）★Most of the English romances deal with three major themes: Ⅰ.The Matter of Britain——which is about the adventures of KingArthur and his Knights of the Round TableⅡ.The Matter of France——which is about Emperor Charlemagne and his peersⅢ.The Matter of Rome——which is about tales of antiquityGeoffrey Chaucer★The Father of English Poetry时代：The Middle Ages作品：Ⅰ.The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集（The prologue is a splendid masterpiece of realistic portrayal, the first of its kind in the history of English literature.The structure of the Canterbury Tales indebted to Boccaccio’s Decamer十日谈）作品特点：Chaucer was one of the first English poets to use the five-stress line, a decasyllabic cousin to the iambic pentameter, in much of his work.The couplet:It refers to the poem which has the rhyme in pairs and each line in the iambic pentameter.影响：Ⅰ.Chaucer praised man’s energy, intellect, wit and love of life.Ⅱ.He exposed, satirized and lashed the evils of the time.Ⅲ.He was the first great poet to write in the English language and exerted great influence on making the dialect of London the standard for modern English speech.Ⅳ.He is one of the first English poets to use couplet and each line inthe iambic pentameter.Chapter2 English Literature of the Renaissance1.Humanism emphasized the dignity and potential of the individual and the worth of life in this world.2.People no longer looked upon themselves as living only for God and they preferred life on the earth to life after death. Humanism expressed their admiration for human beauty and human achievement. Man could mould the world according to his will and attain happiness by removing the external checks.3.Among the giants of the Renaissance were Thomas Moore, Francis Bacon,Edmund Spenser,Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare.Thomas Moore作品：Utopia乌托邦Utopia：an ideal country. A dream “From whom according to whom according to his needs”按需分配。

Edmund Spenser地位：poet's poet作品：The Shephearde's Calender牧羊人日历The Faerie Queene仙后Christopher Marlowe流派：university wits大学才子派Drama：Tamburlaine（power）帖木儿大帝The Jew of Malta（money）马尔它的犹太人Doctor Faustus（knowledge）浮士德博士作品意义：Three dramas stand for the three desires of the rising capitalists——power, money and knowledge.特点：The works use beautiful blank verse and mighty line.Francis Bacon地位：Bacon was the founder of English materialist philosophy, as well as of modern science in England.He proposed a scientific way of gaining knowledge——learning through practice.作品：essays著名的是Of Studies说学(Of Beauty, Of Truth) and On ReadingWilliam Shakespeare作品：Historical plays: Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIII②Four Comedies: As You Like It皆大欢喜; Twelfth Night第十二夜;A Mid-summer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦; The Merchant Of Venice 威尼斯商人③Four Tragedies: Hamlet哈姆莱特; Othello奥赛罗; King Lear李尔王; Macbeth麦克白④Shakespeare Sonnet :154 The Sonnets⑤Romeo and Juliet罗密欧和朱丽叶※sonnet十四行诗：A fixed form of lyric poetry that consist of fourteen lines, usually written in iambic pentameter. There are two basic types of sonnets, the Italian and the English sonnet. The rhyme of English sonnet is abab,cdcd,efef,gg.Ben Jonson作品：Every Man in His HumorEvery Man out of His HumorChapter3 English Literature during the English Bourgeois Revolution and RestorationJohn Milton※作品：①Epics: Paradise Lost失乐园Santa:He is a hero and a freedom-loving ,ambitious and rebellious guy. He dares to question and challenges God’s authority.God: He is a king. He likes being flattered and he is cruel and unjust. Adam and Eve:They are Milton’s belief in the power of man.※回答“吃禁果是否值得”的问题：It is this longing for knowledge that makes mankind intelligent and live an active, meaning life.Paradise Regained复乐园——New Testament※Puritanism: A belief of puritans who is strict in moral and religion and consider fun and pleasure as sinful, believe people should work hard always.It is a division of the protestant church which wanted simpler forms of church ceremony.②Dramatic poem: Samson Agonistes力士参孙based on The Book of Judges（士师记）in the old Testament.※He is a man of great strength fighting for the freedom of his country(Israel), but he was betrayed by his wife Dalilah.John Bunyan班扬作品：allegory寓言体叙事：The Pilgrim's Progress天路历程※Ⅰ.Allegory：A narrative technique in which characters representing things or abstract ideas are used to convey a message or teach a lesson. Allegory is typically used to teach moral, ethical, or religious lessons but is sometimes used for satiric or political purposes.※Ⅱ.Vanity Fair: It is symbol of the sin, evil, greediness and dissipation of the upper-class in London in the period of Restoration, showing the idea of puritan.Ⅲ.Christian:He is poor people. He pursues an ideal place where there’s no poverty.Faithful:He is human’s good pointCelestial City: It is a vision of happy place dreamed by the poor through a veil of religion’s mist.Chapter4 Eighteenth Century English Literature※Enlightenment:An intellectual movement, especially in 18thc. That flourished in France and swept through the whole western Europe, and people believed reason (rationality) and science not religion would advance human progress.The eighteenth century is known as “the Age of Reason”. The English Enlighteners are divided into two groups——the moderate and the radical. The most important writers of the moderate group include Alexander Pope, Daniel Defoe, Joseph Addison, Richard Steele and Samuel Richardson. The representatives of the radical include Jonathan Swift, Henry Fielding, Tobias Smollett, Richard Brinsley Sheridan and Oliver Goldsmith.Alexander Pope亚历山大·蒲柏His poem：Essay on Criticism批评论“A little learning is a dangerous thing. Drink deep or taste not the Pierian Spring. Hills peep over hills and Alps on Alps arise”双押韵例题：Among the representatives of the Enlightenment, who was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England? ( C )A.John BunyanB. Daniel DefoeC. Alexander PopeD. Jonathan SwiftⅠ.Sentimental novelSamuel Richardson塞缪尔·理查生身份：Novelist, moralizer, a letter writer.流派：Neo-classicism in the early eighteenth century作品：①Pamela，or Virtue Rewarded帕米拉：好人好报（penetrating psychological study of the heroine）epistolary novel 书信体小说②Dictionary：It marked an epoch in the study of English language and the end of English writers’reliance on the patronage of noblemen for support.※A literary movement from the Restoration till the end of 18thc. Which emphasize order, reason, restraint, common, sense and conversation, not imagination, invention, experimentation. The representatives modeled after the ancient Greek and Latin authors.Laurence Sterne斯坦恩作品：The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy特征：It detailed descriptions of the characters’ inner thought and feeling. Characters are ordinary person.Oliver Goldsmith哥尔斯密身份：novelist, essayist, dramatist, poet诗歌：The Deserted Village作品：The Vicar of Wakefield威克菲尔德牧师外传喜剧：She Stoops to ConquerThe Good Natur'd Man(witty, lively)善性之人Ⅱ. Sentimental poem※Thomas Gray托马斯格雷流派：Graveyard Poets墓园派诗人诗歌：Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard墓园哀歌They appealed to”sentiment”and”human heart”. Sentimentalism marks a transition from Neo-classicism to Romanticism in English Poetry.Ⅲ. English DramaRichard Brinsley Sheridan谢尔丹※戏剧：The School for Scandal造谣学校The Rivals※影响：These two plays are often considered as the important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of George Bernard Shaw.Daniel Defoe笛福地位：a pioneer novelist of England, a prolific writer of books and pamphlets. He is the founder of realistic novel.作品：Captain Singleton辛格顿船长Colonel Jacque杰克上校Moll Flanders摩尔弗兰德斯（It is written in an autobiographical form called memoir. Defoe introduces, for the first time, a lowlywoman as the subject of literature.）Robinson Crusoe★The realistic Charm of “Robinson Crusoe”i.It is based on a nature story and a traditional picaresque novel. ii.It is first-person narration which makes it authentic.iii.Realistic style: It narrated in a simple, straight forward style and used exact number and specific details.iv.It portrays a successful figure of capitalist who is adventurous, commercial, strong-willed, practical, diligent, religious, and intelligent, . He is also an empire builder and colonizer.v.The novel glorifies both physical and mental labour.Jonathan Swift江奈生斯威夫特国籍：Irishman地位：master of satire novelist作品：A Tale of a Tub一个浴盆的故事Battle of the Books书的战争Gulliver's Travels格列夫游记The Drapier’s Letters布商的书信A modest Proposal一个温和的建议（It was about his pity for the oppressed, ignorant,populous, and hungry Catholic peasants of Ireland. And he expressed his anger at the rapacious English absentee landlords.）★Gulliver’s Travelsi. A voyage to Lilliput ——satirizes parties and religion.●It makes a sharp comparison.●It uses exact numbers such as six inches, mountain of flesh ●In Lilliput, there are a small king who is ambitious,aggressive and believes himself as the delight and terror of the universe.※●“Should eggs be broken at the big end or the small end?” Itsatirizes the different churches——Roman Catholic, the Church of England and the Puritans.●Low-heeled party is symbol of Tories and high-heeled partyis the Conservation. Whigs are the Liberals.ii. A voyage to Brobdingnag which is an ideal country.●Comparison:sixty feet high, a apple can kill him, a bowl ofmilk can get him drowned. Europe is just like anthill.●In this country, there is a king who is peaceful, hates the war.He regards as the Odious Vermin who keeps fighting and starts the war order to expand colonies.●It satirizes against English government and its executivesbodies through comparison between Brobdingnag way and England.iii.A voyage to Laputa——which satirizes against philosophers iv.A voyage to Houyhnhnms慧马国游记●It reveals the weakness of all the human beings.●Houyhnhnms(horses) are rational, friendly, intelligent andpossess all the virtues.※●The Yahoos(human-shaped beast) possesses everyconceivable evil. They are hairy, wild, low, reasonless, conscienceless, malicious, spiteful, envious, filthy and greedy.※※作品含义：Gulliver's Travels is a fantasy, and at the same time, a realistic work of fiction. They are told in a vivid and convincing way and include simple and straightforward descriptions.Henry Fielding地位：Henry Fielding was both the founder of the English realistic novel and one of the most artistic writers that England has ever produced.作品：Amelia阿美利亚Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great大为人江奈生威尔德传Joseph Andrews约瑟夫安德鲁传（It began with the unmistakable purpose of burlesquing Samuel Richardson’s Pamela）Tom Jones（masterpiece）汤姆琼斯(There are three part in novel——in the country, on the road, and in London. It gives us panoramic pictures of the 18-century English world. The author develops his narrative in the fullest, freest, clearest and most straightforward manner.)★Tom Jonesi.Tom Jones is a symbol of nature and sentiment. He is frank,open, kind, generous but quick-tempered by impulse not by reason. He easily is led to astray and commit mistakes.GOOD-NATUREDii.Sophia is a symbol of wisdom and reason. She is an ideal of an English girl who is tender courageous, determined, and insists on pursuing her own happiness. She is calm and courageous in face of difficulties.iii.Blifill makes a sharp contrast with Tom. He is greedy and ready to flatter. He is also malicious and hypocritical. He likes back-biting others for his own benefits. His inner-nature is wholly corrupted. ILL-NATUREDWilliam Blake作品：Poetical Sketches诗的素描The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的结合Songs of Innocence天真之歌（It is happy songs. It is about sun,hill, streams, insects and flowers in the innocence of child. The symbol is the lamb. Everything is in harmony.）Songs of Experience经验之歌(It is from songs of innocence to to experience. It shows a progression of the poet’s out look on life. Experience brings a fuller sense pf the power of evil, the great misery and pain of people’s life. The symbol is tiger. It s full of sadness, passion and hatred.)★London(experience)It is written in the rhyme pattern of ballad, four lines in a stanza. It consists of four quatrains of iambic tetrameter(四步抑扬格).From the first stanza, we can see only the minority benefit from the prosperity of economy but the common people still live in the misery. The first two stanzas, from what ”I see” and what “I hear” , the poet gives us a general picture of the suffering of the poor in London. The next two stanzas describe a specific picture. It focused on the chimney sweepers, soldiers, which lashes the cruelty of child labor and the injustice of the colonial war. The third group is about the youthful harlots. Their curse utters the hatred of those who are in the bottom of London. So for the rich, London is haven, but for the poor, it is a hell.Robert Burns地位：The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century.作品：Poem Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect苏格兰方言诗集A Red, Red roseThe first group is about love and friendship, like “A Red, RedRose”,”Highland Mary”,”The Highland Lassie O” and “Auld Lang Syne”. The third group deals with the theme of patriotism. The fourth group reveals Burn’s attitude towards liberty, equality and fraternity under the impetus of the American War of Independence and the French Revolution. “The Tree of Liberty, A Revolutionary Lyric” is from Holy Willie’s Prayer(威利长老的祈祷).Chapter5 English Literature of Early Nineteenth Century※It was exclusively motivated by both the Industrial Revolution ad the French Revolution. In the second half of the 18th century, the Industrial Revolution made the country “the workshop of the world”. They exploited and oppressed the newly born proletariat. As the Parisian people stormed the Bastille on July 14, 1789, making the outbreak of the French Revolution. The influence of the French Revolution soon spread its watchwords “Liberty, Equality And Fraternity ” to almost every corner of the world. Among these great historic occurrences, Romanticism, a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement, came into existence in Western Europe. ※Romanticism in England began with the publication of William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads. The symbol end is the death of Walter Scott司各特.Poetry was certainly the best medium. To a great extent, the age of Romanticism of Britain was an age of poetry. ※Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey are passive romanticists, while Byron, Shelley and Keats are active romanticists.William Wordsworth流派：the Lake Poet作品：She Dwelt Among the Untrodden WaysThe Solitary ReaperTintern Abbey丁登寺I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud我像一片云飘游在天际（theme: The poet’s mood is inspired by the natural scene. Nature serves as a means of self-expression, a good medicine to cure our gloomy and solitude.）※★Preface to Lyrical Balladsi.It appeals to individual sensation: “All good poetry is thespontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, and takes it origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.”ii. A poet’s emotion extends from human affairs to nature.iii.The function is to give an unexpected splendor to common and familiar things.iv.The language is simple, pure, especially peasant’s word.v.The style is fresh, direct, ballad and it prefers blank verse.※Samuel Taylor ColeridgeGothic elements:①ancient prophecy；②mystery and suspense；③high emotion，sentimentalism；④supernatural events，⑤omens，dream，vision；⑥fainting，frightened women；⑦women threatened by powerful man；⑧the metonymy of gloom and terror.流派：the Lake Poet作品：Christabel克里斯塔贝尔Kubla Khan（dream poem，after he takes opium）Biographia LiterariaThe Rime of the Ancient Mariner老船工(The poem supplies various religious ans supernatural images to depict a moving spiritual journey of doubt, renewal, and eventual redemption.) Wordsworth focuses on nature, while Coleridge on supernature.The Rime of the Ancient Mariner●At Wordsworth’s suggestion, Coleridge composed “The Rime ofthe Ancient Mariner”, which recounts a nightmare sea-voyage with powerful metaphysical overtones.●The poem introduces the reader to a supernatural realm, but itmanages to create a sense of reality.George Gordon Byron身份：a distinctive poet, a romantic hero, a rebellious devil, a revolutionary.※作品：House of Idleness闲散时光She Walks in Beauty她走在美的光影里(One shade the more, one ray the less)Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage恰尔德哈罗德游记：the beginning of Byronic heroes成名作（In these works, the so-called Byronic hero, an idealized but flawed character, made its appearance）Don Juan唐璜（CantoⅢ”The Isles of Greece”哀希腊——代表作）When We Two Parted※★Don Juan●After Don Juan, legendary 14th century Spanish nobleman andlibertine.●Don Juan: A libertine and a man who is an obsessive seducer ofwomen.●Don Juan who has adventures in many European countriesunder varied social backgrounds, and takes part in many big event , thus give a broad panorama of contemporary life of Europe at that time.Allusion典故：An indirect or inexplicit reference by one text to another text, to a historical occurrence, or to myths and legends. Allusions in “ The Isles of Greece ” person, places, battle.Percy Bysshe Shelley※作品：The Necessity of Atheism无神论的必要性The Revolt of Islam伊斯兰的反叛Prometheus Unbounded解放了的普罗米修斯（verse drama）The Cenci钦契（verse drama）Ode to the West Wind西风颂To a Sky-Lark致云雀(The skylark is a symbol of freedom, spiritual vitality,imaginative sterility.)※★Prometheus UnboundedIt is borrowed from the Greek tragedian Aeschylus——”Prometheus Bounded ”. From bound to unbound, it shows the victory of mankind over the tyranny of the Zeus’s oppression and the regeneration of humanity.※★Ode to the West WindThe poem consists of five cantos written in terza rima(三行连韵体). Each canto consists of four tercets(三行押韵诗句) and a rhyming couplet. The ode is written in iambic pentameter. The poem begins with three cantos describing the word’s effects upon earth, air and ocean. The last two cantos are Shelley speaking directly to the wind, asking for its power, to lift hi like a leaf, a cloud or a wave and make him its companion in its wanderings. He asks the wind to take his thought and spread them all over the world so that the youth are awoken with his ideas. The poem ends with an optimistic note which is that if winter days are here then spring is not very far. Marry Shelley:Frankenstein is a typical gothic story and the first scientific fiction. It is a symbol of terror.John Keats作品：Endymion恩底弥翁Lamia拉米娅Isabella伊莎贝拉The Eve of St. Agnes圣阿格尼斯之夜Ode on a Grecian希腊古瓮颂（Beauty is truth, truth beauty）Ode on Melancholy忧郁颂Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂Ode to Autumn秋颂On First Looking into Chapman's Homer初读贾普曼译荷马有感On the Grasshoppers and Crickets蝈蝈和蟋蟀※★Ode to a NightingaleThe principle stress of the poem is a struggle between ideal and actual, contain more particular antitheses of pleasure ans pain, of imagination and commonsense reason, of fullness and privation, of permanence and change, of nature and the human.Unlike most of his contemporaries, Keats lived a somewhat secluded life, free from men and from “political measures ”. He devoted himself to worshipping beauty. To him, poetry exists for its own sake.Charles Lamb身份：romantic writerMasterpiece: essay collection——Essay of Elia伊利亚散文集其中优秀散文：Dream Children梦中儿女They all lead to the author’s interpretation of English society in general and life of London in particular.特征：The works are humorous but at the core of humor lie anhonest. He is a master of puns and jokes. Good soul, tear and sadness, laughter mingled with tears.Walter Scott地位：poet, novelist, father of Historical Novels作品：Waverly(It is about the Scottish events/subjects. It is the first success.)”Rob Roy罗布罗伊”Ivanhoe（It is about English subjects. It devoted to English subjects, set in the late 12th century, when English people oppose the rule of Norman conqueror.）masterpieceJane AustenShe herself compared her work to a fine engraving made upon a little piece of ivory only two inches square.作品：Sense and SensibilityPride and PrejudiceNorthanger Abbery诺桑觉寺Persuasion劝导Mansfield ParkEmmaHer view on marriage: She praises a lot such marriage which is based on mutual understanding, respect, true love and financial condition. She thinks love should be justified by reason and disciplined by self-control. She satirizes the marriage which isbased only on social status, property and sexual passion.Appreciation of the characterMrs. Bennet: she is vulgar, snobbish, stupid, uncertain temper and with mean understanding.Mr. Bennet: he is witty, sarcastically humorous and capricious. Feature：①Romantic and realistic，self-control and self-knowledge. And at the same time people should be practical and responsible.②Centered on the small around her.③She is realistic, good at witty, humor dialogues and modest satire. She pointed out the social problem existed at that time.④She can make common things and characters interesting.。