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纳米材料专业英语

第一章1 关键词:NanomaterialsScanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)Zero (one, two, three)-dimensionSize Effect - Kubo theory(1) Quantum size effect(2) Small size effectSurface effectCoulomb blockade and Quantum tunneling effectDielectric confinement effect纳米材料扫描隧道显微镜(STM)零(一,二,三)维尺寸效应 - 久保理论(1)量子尺寸效应(2)小尺寸效应表面效应库仑阻塞和量子隧道效应介电限域效应2 名词解释:(1)Nano” –From the Greek word for “dwarf” and means for 10-9, or one billionth. In this case it refers to 10-9 meters, or 1 nanometer (nm). 1 nm is about 3 atoms long.(2)Nanomaterials – Materials having a characteristic length scale less than about a hundred nanometers.(1)纳米“ - 从希腊字为”矮“和10-9,或十亿分之一的手段。

在这种情况下,它指的是10-9米,或1纳米(nm)。

1纳米是关于三原子长。

(2)纳米材料- 材料特征长度有规模比大约一百纳米以下。

这可能是一个尺度粒径,粒度,层厚,或在电子芯片导体线宽。

1. Size Effect - Kubo theory(课堂笔记):尺寸效应:当纳米材料组成的尺寸如晶粒的尺寸,第二相离子的尺寸减小时,纳米材料的性能会发生变化,当组成相的尺寸小到于某一临界尺寸相当时,材料的性能将发生明显的变化或突变2. snall size effect 小尺寸效应:随着颗粒尺寸的量变,在一定条件会引起颗粒性质的质变,由于颗粒尺寸变小所引起的宏观物理性质的变化就成为小尺寸效应3. Coulomb blockade and Quantum tunneling 库伦阻塞量子隧穿效应:体系进入纳米体系是电荷量子化的,即充电和放电过程是不连续的,充入一个电子所需的能量Ec=e2/kc这个能量就成为库伦阻赛能,这就导致了一个销体系的充放电过程,电子不能集体传输,惹事一个个单电子的传输。

通常把销体系这种单电子输运行为成为库伦阻赛效应。

如果两个量子点通过一个结连接起来,一个量子点上的单个电子穿过能垒到另一个电子上的行为就成为量子隧穿效应。

4.Quantum size effect 量子尺寸效应:电子的能量被量子化,形成分离的电子态能级,电子在该系统中的运动受到约束,随着金属微粒尺寸的减小,金属费米能级附近的电子能级,由准连续变为离散能级的现象,以及半导体为例存在不连续的最高被占据分子轨道和最低未被占据分子轨道,能系变宽的现象。

5. Dielectric confinement effect介电限域效应:纳米微粒分散在异质介质中,由于界面引起的体系介电增强的现象6.surface effect:表面效应:纳米微粒尺寸与表面原子数的关系,表面含有大量的晶界,因而晶界上的院子占有相当高的比例。

第二章1关键词:●Clusters●Nanoparticle●Supersaturated Vapor●Heterogeneous nucleation●Homogeneous nucleation●Magic Numbers●团簇纳米粒子饱和蒸气非均相成核均相成核幻数2 (1) How do you build something so small?Top-down” – building something by starting with a larger component and carving away material (like a sculpture). 自顶向下“ - 通过启动建设具有较大的元件,雕刻了材料(如雕塑)的东西。

“Bottom-up” – building something by assembling smaller components (like building a car engine). “自下而上” - 建设以更小的元件组装(如建立汽车发动机)的东西。

3 .(1). NanoparticleA solid particle in the 1~100nm range that could be noncrystalline,an aggregate of crystallites, or a single crystallite(2.) Clusterssmaller nanoparticles containing fewer than 104 atoms or molecules.(3). Magic Numbersthe unusually high mass spectral abundances that occur for certain cluster sizes which represent special electronic or geometric configurations1。

纳米粒子一个在1〜100nm的范围内固体颗粒可非晶,微晶聚合的,或单一晶粒2。

团簇小含少于104纳米的原子或分子。

3。

幻数在异常高的质量,对某些簇大小,代表特殊的电子或几何构型谱丰度发生4 .two important differences between the nanoparticles and the clustersFirst, nanoparticles are usually larger than the clusters. They range in size from 1 to 100 nm.Secondly, in much larger quantities than the clustersReasonshigh particle density Out of the vacuum chamber纳米粒子之间的两个重要的区别和集群首先,纳米颗粒通常比大的集群。

它们的大小从1到100纳米。

其次,在更大的数量比集群原因:高密度颗粒走出真空室5.How to achieve supersaturation vapor?(1) the physical cooling of a vapor by sonic or supersonic expansiontechniques;(2) a gas phase chemical or photochemical reaction that can producenonvolatile condensable products;(3) directly by thermal evaporation, sputtering, or laserablation.(1)由音速或超音速扩展技术,蒸气物理降温;(2)气相化学或光化学反应,能产生挥发性凝产品;(3)热蒸发,溅射,直接或激光消融。

第三章1关键词:●Primary particles●Secondary particles●Precipitation●Agglomeration●Scanning electron microscope (SEM)●Transmission electron microscope (TEM)●High-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM)初级粒子次级粒子降水凝聚扫描电子显微镜(SEM)透射电子显微镜(TEM)高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM2 .The advantages and potential difficulties答案:1. versatility in designing and synthesizing new materials2. the manipulation of matter at the molecular level3. molecular synthetic chemistry can be tailor designed toprepare novel starting components4. Better control of the particle size, shape, and sizedistribution can be achieved in particle synthesis1. 多功能性的设计和合成新材料2.是在分子水平上操纵物质3.合成化学分子设计,可定制的组件编写新的开始4.更好地控制粒子的大小,形状和尺寸分布可以实现粒子的合成3. Primary particles –含有低气体率的独立的粒子,颗粒内部可以有界面,如相界,晶界(一次颗粒)secondary particles:二次颗粒:认为制造的粉料团聚粒子4. Factors influencing the rate of precipitated reactionsFactors influencing the rate of reactions include the concentration of reactants, the reaction temperature, the pH, and the order in which the reagents are added to the solution影响因素包括反应率,反应物浓度,反应温度,pH值,反应物加入顺序5. The reasons of agglomerationAgglomeration of fine particles is caused by the attractive van der Waals force and/or the driving force that tends to minimize the total surface energy of the system.Repulsive interparticle forces are required to prevent the agglomeration of these particles细颗粒集聚是由吸引力范德华力和/或动力,往往以减少系统的总表面能。

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